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Science STAAR Quick Guide f G a R mO Chemical reactions i U make new substances l P y Stand together…PERIOD Equations must be balanced! So… COUNT THE ATOMS! “Law of Conservation of Mass “ 1. List the element 2. Count how many atoms of each element 3. Subscripts go with JUST the element they are written after (EX :O2) 4. Coefficients are BIG numbers in front of the elements (EX: 2H2O) Plate Tectonics Wegner’s theory of Continental Drift, Pangaea- Supercontinent Convection Currents – driving force for plate tectonics Types of boundaries - Divergent boundary plates pull apart – Sea floor spreading, mid-ocean ridges, new crust - Convergent boundary plates move together – forms mountains • Subduction zone – oceanic crust Slides under continental crust - causes volcanic action - Transform boundary plates slide past each other – causes earthquakes Topographic Maps Show elevation and slope of land Contour lines with numbers show elevation Contour interval – space between lines - close lines = steep slope - far apart lines = gentle slope Know the parts of an ATOM Protons, Electrons, Neutrons Know their charge! Protons – positive + Electrons – negative – Neutrons – neutral (NO CHARGE) Know their locations Newton’s Laws 1st Law – Law of Inertia – an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain in motion until acted on by an unbalanced force nd 2 Law – Law of Force and Acceleration - acceleration depends on F Protons & Neutrons IN the nucleus Electrons on energy shells outside nucleus Know how to count the parts PEN method – Slide, Slide, Subtract mass of an object and force applied M A 3rd Law – Law of Action/Reaction - for every action there is an equal in size and opposite in direction reaction Speed - distance traveled over time D - Velocity – speed + direction S T P= 2 E=2 4.0 N= 2 Round the bottom and subtract the top 4.0 – 2 = 2 Work - movement of an object in the direction of the force W F D Climate Convection currents – uneven heating of Earth’s surface – produces weather systems – drive wind patterns and move air masses Water cycle - precipitation→run-off,surface water, groundwater→transpiration, evaporation→condensation Weather maps - high pressure system – calm weather - low pressure system- stormy weather Fronts Cold front – heavy rain or snow Warm front – calm,warm,humid Stationary frontOccluded frontWhat causes day and night? ٭Earth rotates (spins) on its axis once every 24 hours What causes seasons? ٭Earth revolves around the sun once every year and is tilted on its axis Lunar phases - Takes about 29.5 days to complete a full cycle Is the Moon Waxing or Waning? ٭Where is the light? Size of the light? ٭Light on the Right – WAXING ٭Light on the Left – WANING ٭WAXING = growing ٭WANING = shrinking ٭Lit part < ⅟2 = crescent shape ٭Lit part > ⅟2 = gibbous shape ٭Exactly ⅟2 = quarter (1st or 3rd) Tides - caused by the Moon’s gravitational pull - 4 tides each day: 2 High and 2 Low - Spring tides: Sun →Earth →Moon in a Straight line - Occurs Full moon and New moon - produces the highest High tides and the lowest Low tides - Neap tides: Sun, → Earth, Moon at a 90⁰ angle - Occurs 1st and 3rd quarter phases Universe and Stars Light year (ly) – distance light travels in 1 year - Astronomers us light years as measurement because distance in space are so far Life of a Star H-R Diagram Ecological Succession Primary – Begins on bare rocks where there has never been life before rock -> lichen -> moss -> grass -> shrub -> trees > forest Secondary – begins on soil from which a previous community has been removed (by fire, agriculture) grass -> shrub -> small trees -> forest Body Systems Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Excretory (Urinary), Integumentary, Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Reproductive Some Body Systems Working Together Circulatory & Respiratory – O2 to every cell in the body Digestive & Circulatory – Nutrients to every cell in the body Muscular & Skeletal – Movement Levels of Environmental Organization Cell Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Ecosystem Energy Flow Types of Energy Energy is constantly transformed from one type to another. Potential Energy – stored energy due to position Kinetic/Mechanical Energy – energy in motion Electromagnetic/Radiant/Light energy – can be sun or light bulbs Chemical energy – comes from food, batteries, gas Electrical energy – electricity Thermal energy – Heat Hydroelectric energy – energy produced by flowing water Sun Producers – plants….(Autotrophs) Heterotrophs Primary Consumers (Herbivores) Secondary Consumers (Omnivores) Tertiary Consumers (Carnivores) Decomposers Some Energy Transformations ٭Electrical energy → Electromagnetic energy(light) ٭Chemical energy (flashlight batteries) → Electromagnetic energy (light) ٭Chemical energy (from food) → Mechanical energy (all body functions)