Download Science STAAR Quick Guide

Science STAAR Quick Guide
f G
a R
mO
Chemical reactions
i U
make new substances
l P
y Stand together…PERIOD
Equations must be balanced! So…
COUNT THE ATOMS!
“Law of Conservation of Mass “
1. List the element
2. Count how many atoms of each
element
3. Subscripts go with JUST the element
they are written after (EX :O2)
4. Coefficients are BIG numbers in front of
the elements (EX: 2H2O)
Plate Tectonics
Wegner’s theory of Continental Drift,
Pangaea- Supercontinent
Convection Currents – driving force for
plate tectonics
Types of boundaries
- Divergent boundary
plates pull apart – Sea floor spreading,
mid-ocean ridges, new crust
- Convergent boundary
plates move together – forms mountains
•
Subduction zone – oceanic crust
Slides under continental crust
- causes volcanic action
- Transform boundary plates slide past each other – causes
earthquakes
Topographic Maps
Show elevation and slope of land
Contour lines with numbers show elevation
Contour interval – space between lines
- close lines = steep slope
- far apart lines = gentle slope
Know the parts of an ATOM
Protons, Electrons, Neutrons
Know their charge!
Protons – positive +
Electrons – negative –
Neutrons – neutral (NO CHARGE)
Know their locations
Newton’s Laws
1st Law – Law of Inertia – an object at rest
will remain at rest and an object in
motion will remain in motion until
acted on by an unbalanced force
nd
2 Law – Law of Force and Acceleration
- acceleration depends on
F
Protons & Neutrons IN the nucleus
Electrons on energy shells outside nucleus
Know how to count the parts
PEN method – Slide, Slide, Subtract
mass of an object and force
applied
M A
3rd Law – Law of Action/Reaction
- for every action there is an equal
in size and opposite in direction
reaction
Speed
- distance traveled over time
D - Velocity – speed + direction
S
T
P= 2
E=2
4.0
N= 2
Round the bottom and subtract the top
4.0 – 2 = 2
Work
- movement of an object in
the direction of the force
W
F
D
Climate
Convection currents – uneven heating of
Earth’s surface
– produces weather systems
– drive wind patterns and move air masses
Water cycle - precipitation→run-off,surface
water, groundwater→transpiration,
evaporation→condensation
Weather maps
- high pressure system – calm weather
- low pressure system- stormy weather
Fronts
Cold front – heavy rain or snow
Warm front – calm,warm,humid
Stationary frontOccluded frontWhat causes day and night?
‫ ٭‬Earth rotates (spins) on its axis once
every 24 hours
What causes seasons?
‫ ٭‬Earth revolves around the sun once
every year and is tilted on its axis
Lunar phases
- Takes about 29.5 days to complete a full cycle
Is the Moon Waxing or Waning?
‫ ٭‬Where is the light? Size of the light?
‫ ٭‬Light on the Right – WAXING
‫ ٭‬Light on the Left – WANING
‫ ٭‬WAXING = growing
‫ ٭‬WANING = shrinking
‫ ٭‬Lit part < ⅟2 = crescent shape
‫ ٭‬Lit part > ⅟2 = gibbous shape
‫ ٭‬Exactly ⅟2 = quarter (1st or 3rd)
Tides
- caused by the Moon’s gravitational pull
- 4 tides each day: 2 High and 2 Low
- Spring tides: Sun →Earth →Moon in a
Straight line
- Occurs Full moon and New moon
- produces the highest High tides
and the lowest Low tides
- Neap tides: Sun, → Earth,
Moon at a 90⁰ angle
- Occurs 1st and 3rd quarter phases
Universe and Stars
Light year (ly) – distance light travels in 1 year
- Astronomers us light years as measurement
because distance in space are so far
Life of a Star
H-R Diagram
Ecological Succession
Primary – Begins on bare rocks where there
has never been life before
rock -> lichen -> moss -> grass -> shrub -> trees > forest
Secondary – begins on soil from which a
previous community has been removed (by
fire, agriculture)
grass -> shrub -> small trees -> forest
Body Systems
Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Lymphatic,
Endocrine, Excretory (Urinary), Integumentary,
Muscular, Skeletal, Nervous, Reproductive
Some Body Systems Working Together
Circulatory & Respiratory – O2 to every cell in
the body
Digestive & Circulatory – Nutrients to every
cell in the body
Muscular & Skeletal – Movement
Levels of Environmental Organization
Cell Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
Ecosystem Energy Flow
Types of Energy
Energy is constantly transformed from one
type to another.
Potential Energy – stored energy due to
position
Kinetic/Mechanical Energy – energy in motion
Electromagnetic/Radiant/Light energy – can be
sun or light bulbs
Chemical energy – comes from food,
batteries, gas
Electrical energy – electricity
Thermal energy – Heat
Hydroelectric energy – energy produced by
flowing water
Sun
Producers – plants….(Autotrophs)
Heterotrophs
Primary Consumers (Herbivores)
Secondary Consumers (Omnivores)
Tertiary Consumers (Carnivores)
Decomposers
Some Energy Transformations
‫ ٭‬Electrical energy → Electromagnetic
energy(light)
‫ ٭‬Chemical energy (flashlight batteries)
→ Electromagnetic energy (light)
‫ ٭‬Chemical energy (from food) →
Mechanical energy (all body functions)