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Brain Surgery History Oldest of the practiced medical arts Contrary to popular belief, ancient Egyptians were not the first people to conduct brain surgery in the ancient world, rather in Iran, in ancient Persia. A skull from ancient Persia, was found in one of the Burnt City’s burials, containing markings thought to have first been mentioned in an ancient Egyptian tale called “The Story of Sinuhe”, (written around 2000 BC) in hieroglyphs In the story, an Egyptian nobleman named Sinuhe discussed open brain surgery in great detail Ancient procedures Trepanning is the oldest known procedure Involves drilling or cutting holes and sometimes using stone tools to go through the paitents skull Was known to correct madness, insanity, other mental illnesses, epilepsy, headaches, and head injuries or in some cases release evil spirits The basic approach in most ancient brain surgery procedures was to remove the part of the brain that, in the opinion of the practitioner, was failing and has been damaged – typically the frontal lobe -known to be the part of brain which controls the mental behaviour of people The patients typically survived months or even years after their surgeries Pre-Incan civilization used brain surgery as an extensive practice dating back to as early as 2,000 B.C William Williams Keen United States first brain surgeon One of the first successful brain tumour removal (1888) Assisted surgeon Joseph Bryant with removing the upper left jaw of U.S. president Grover Cleveland (1893) for a malignant tumour Types of Brain Surgeries There are several different types of brain surgery. The type used depends on the problem being treated: Leucotomy (or a lobotomy) was the first consistently practiced brain surgery procedure which began around 1935 It involves cutting the fiber tracts between the thalamus and the frontal lobes using a special knife The purpose of this intervention was to provide relief from symptoms like severe depression, psychosis, and violent behavior when other forms of treatment had failed Craniotomy involves an incision into the scalp creating a hole in the skull, known as a bone flap The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated Biopsy is used to remove a small amount of brain tissue or a tumor so it can be examined under a microscope This involves a small incision and hole in the skull Minimally Invasive Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery allows surgeon to remove tumors or lesions through your nose and sinuses giving them access to your brain without making an incision involves the use of an endoscope (a telescopic device made with lights and camera) Awake surgery was usually used decades ago typically in epilepsy patients Surgeons would keep patients alert to ensure they were destroying the tissue in the brain that caused uncontrolled seizures