Download The Impact of Imperialism

The Impact of Imperialism
1840-1900
帝国主义
Chinese Dynasties
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Xia Dynasty About 1994 BCE - 1766 BCE
Shang Dynasty 1766 BCE - 1027 BCE
Zhou Dynasty 1122 BCE -256 BCE plus suppliment
Qin Dynasty 221 BCE - 206 BCE
Early Han Dynasty 206 BCE - 9 AD
Later Han Dynasty 25 AD - 220 AD
Three Kingdoms - Period of Disunion 220 AD - 280 AD
Sui Dynasty 589 AD - 618 AD
Tang Dynasty 618 AD - 907 AD
Song Dynasty 969 AD - 1279 AD
Yuan Dyansty 1279 AD - 1368 AD
Ming Dynasty 1368 AD - 1644 AD
Qing Dynasty (Ch’ing) 1644 AD - 1911 AD
Qing World View
• China at the centre of its formulation of the
world.
• Centuries of contacts with neighbouring
states, most of which recognized the preeminence of the Qing emperor
• A complex, pre-existing system of foreign
affairs: tribute states
• This is the lens through which the Qing
view Western nations/empires
“Botanical Imperialism”: Opium and
Tea
• TEA= What the British Want
• The tea trade grew exponentially—from
1719 to 1833—tonnage of foreign ships
trading with China increased 13 times.
• By the 1820s enough tea was imported
into England to give every person 2
pounds a year.
• Paying for it with Silver=trade imbalance
Macartney Mission
• Lord George
Macartney
• Send as British envoy
to the Qing from
1792-1794
• Sought to gain more
“favorable” conditions
of trade for British
interests
• Fails to do so—
famously refuses to
bow to Qing emperor
Opium Trade
• It is ILLEGAL Under Qing Law
• Foreign traders mount a massive
smuggling operation to trade this illicit
substance for tea
• 1820- 5,000 chests (665,000 pounds)
• 1830- 16,000 chests (2,000,000 pounds)
• 1858- 70,000 chests (9,000,000 pounds)
The effects of the Opium War:
Part (I)—The Unequal Treaties
• The Treaty of Nanjing (1842): “Free Trade”
– Opens a total of 5 “treaty ports”—coastal cities where
foreigners could freely trade and reside
– Grants “concession areas” within treaty ports to
foreign powers—essentially micro-colonies
– Gives Britain Hong Kong
– Most Favored Nation clause for Britain
– Forces Qing to pay 21 million ounces of silver
• The Treaty of Tianjin (1858):
– Opens 10 more ports
– Allows Christian missionaries to move inland
– Extraterritoriality for foreign subjects
Imperialism in China 1895-1900
• “Spheres of Influence”
– Germany in Shandong—Qingdao
– Russia in Manchuria
– France in Yunnan
– British in HK-New Territories