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Body Systems
Destinee Gieke, Rachael Stout, Shyanne Edson, Izabell Rees, Kimberly Nunez, Tayler
Dixon
Skeletal System
Define and Describe
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Provides shape and support to the body
Protects vital organs
Acts as a set of levers and together with muscles help a person move
Produces blood cells
Stores calcium
Forms framework for the body
Adult human has 206 bones
Parts of the Skeletal System
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Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
Bone marrow
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Joints
Long and Short Bones
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Long Bones:
○ Longer than they are wide
○ Form the extremities, or arms and legs
○ Longest part of the long bone called diaphysis
Short bones:
○ Similar length and width
○ Found in wrist and ankles
○ Outer layer of compact bone
○ Inner layer of bone with a latticework structure
Flat and Irregular Bones
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Flat Bones
○ Broad shape
○ Found in the skull, shoulder blade, and pelvis
○ Covers organs to protect them
○ Provides a surface for larger areas of muscle
Irregular bones:
○ Specialized and do not fit the other types
○ Examples include the bone of the ear, face, and vertebrae
Axial Skeleton: Skull
8 cranial bones:
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Consist of the cranium and facial
bones
Cranium surrounds and protects the
brain
Facial bones guard and supports the
eyes, nose, mouth, and ears
Sinuses are air spaces in and around
these bones
Mandible is the only moveable bone
in the face
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1 Frontal
2 parietal
1 Occipital
1 Ethmoid
1 Sphenoid
14 facial bones:
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5 Nasal
2 Maxilla, or upper jaw
2 Lacrimal, or inner aspect of the eyes
2 Zygomatic, or cheek
2 Palatine, or roof of the mouth
1 Mandible, or lower jaw
Axial Skeleton: Spinal Column
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26 bones called vertebrae
Encloses and protects the spinal cord
Supports the head and trunk
Disc of cartilage tissue separates the vertebrae to cushion the bones and allow
movement
Spinal column:
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7 Cervical, or neck
12 Thoracic, or chest
5 Lumbar, or lower back
1 Sacrum, or back of pelvic girdle
1 Coccyx, or tailbone
Axial Skeleton: Thorax
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Protects the heart and lungs
12 pairs of ribs, or costae
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First 7 pairs are called “true ribs” because they are attached to the sternum, or breastbone
Next 5 pairs are called “false ribs”
○ first 3 pairs of these ribs each attach to the cartilage of the rib above it
○ The last 2 pairs have no attachment on the front of the body and are called "floating ribs."
Sternum includes 3 parts
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Manubrium is the upper region. It is attached by ligaments on both sides to the clavicles, or
collarbones
Gladiolus is the body
Xiphoid process is a small piece of cartilage at the bottom
Appendicular Skeleton: Shoulder Girdle
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includes 4 bones:
○ 2 Clavicles, or collarbones
○ 2 scapulas, or shoulder bones
Appendicular Skeleton: Arm and Hands
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each arm has the following:
○ Humerus, or upper arm bone
○ Ulna, or the lower arm bone whose upper end forms the elbow
○ Radius, or the lower arm bone on the thumb side
each hand has the following:
○ 8 Carpals, which form the wrist
○ 5 Metacarpals, which form the palm of the hand
○ 14 Phalanges, which form the fingers
Appendicular Skeleton: Pelvic Girdle
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Includes 2 os coxae, or hip bones
Attach to the sacrum in addition to connecting to each other at a joint called
symphysis pubis
Os coxae consist of these 3 fused sections:
○ Illium
○ Ischium
○ Pubis
Pelvic girdle supports the trunk of the body, in particular the lower soft abdominal
organs
Provides a place for legs to be attached
Appendicular Skeleton: Legs and Feet
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Each leg contains the following:
○ Femur, thigh bone in upper leg
○ Patella, or kneecap
○ Tibia, or the shin in the lower leg
○ Fibula, which is also in the lower leg
Each foot contains the following
○ 7 Tarsal, form ankle
○ 5 Metatarsals, which form the instep of the foot
○ 14 Phalanges, which form the toes
Bone Marrow
Red Marrow:
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Found in epiphyses
In certain flat bones
Produces red blood cells, and some
white blood cells
Yellow Marrow:
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Mostly made of fat cells
Fills the medullary canal
Serves as a fat storage
Contains blood vessels
Form white blood cells
Joints
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Where two or more bones connect
Ligaments help hold bones together at joints
Joints are classified by movement
○ Diarthrosis joint is moveable
○ Amphiarthrosis joint is partially movable
○ Synarthrosis joint is not movable
Normal Physiology
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Body shouldn’t hurt with movement
No bleeding should happen
All bones should be in the correct place
At around a year and a half the skull should have no more soft spots
Diseases and Disorders
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Arthritis
○ Joints inflamed
○ Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis are most common
○ Pain, swollen joints, stiffness during motion
○ Rest, ice and heat, pain and anti-inflammatory meds.
○ Surgery may need to happen in severe cases
Dislocation
○ Bone displaced from joint
○ From trauma, may be inherited
○ Shoulders, fingers, knees, hips
○ Return bone to proper place
Diseases and Disorders Cont…
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Sprain
○ Twisting ligament or joint and it tears
○ Sudden or unusual movement
○ Pain, swelling, limited movement
○ Rest, elevation, immobilize it with bandage
Fracture
○ Crack or break in bone by trauma
○ Pain, swelling, bruising
Diseases and Disorders Cont...
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Fracture cont...
○ Greenstick: bend,split, not completely broken
○ Simple or Closed: complete break, no piercing of the skin
○ Compound or Open: bone breaks, pierces skin, may cause infection
○ Comminuted: bone splinters more than two pieces, can be embedded into
surrounding tissue
Respiratory System
Define and Describe
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Helps regulate body temperature by cooling and warming the blood
Produces audio sounds
Brings oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Includes lungs and air passages
Major organs and parts
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Ventilation
Respiration
Oxygenation
Nose and Mouth
Pharynx and Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and Alveoli
Lungs
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles
Ventilation
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Two phases called inhalation and exhalation
○ Inhalation, also called inspiration
■ process of breathing in air
○ Exhalation, also called expiration
■ breathing out air
Respiration
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
essential
two stages: external and internal
External Respiration:
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in lungs
oxygen moves from air into blood on inhale
at same time carbon dioxide removed from blood back into lungs
exhaled with some water vapor
Internal Respiration:
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Exchange of oxygen and CO2 in tissue cells of body
once fresh supply from lungs is carried through body oxygen moves blood into the cells of body tissue
Cells use oxygen with other nutrients from blood
produced energy, water, and carbon dioxide
CO2 moves from cells to blood which goes back to lungs, cycle continues
Oxygenation
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Oxygen molecules loaded onto hemoglobin molecules in bloodstream
Hemoglobin- protein molecules responsible for carrying oxygen in bloodstream
Ambient air 21% oxygen
This is inhaled during ventilation
5% oxygen is removed from air
Respiration makes this oxygen replace CO2 in blood
16% of oxygen gas, CO2, and water vapors exhaled
All three work together for successful cycle
Nose And Mouth
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Air enters through the nostril into the nasal cavity
Nasal cavity
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Cilia
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lined with mucous membrane and tiny hairs called cilia
help moisten the air
filter dust and germs out
For added moisture, tears are drained from the eyes into the nose through
nasolacrimal ducts
Sinuses
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hollow space in skull that connect to the nasal cavity
helps regulate temperature
give the air a place to vibrate as it exits to augment the sound of the voice
Pharynx and Epiglottis
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Pharynx, or throat
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located behind the nasal cavity
three sections
■ nasopharynx is at the top and contains the hard palate and the soft palate
■ oropharynx is in the middle and contains the base of the tongue, the tonsils, and the vallecula
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laryngopharynx is at the bottom. It is the point where the esophagus, or the food pipe, and the
trachea, or the wind pipe, branch off
Epiglottis
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small, leaf-like flap of tissue at the bottom of the laryngopharynx
Larynx
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Below the epiglottis
Contains the voice box
Produce audio sounds as air passes over them
Thyroid cartilage
○ commonly known as Adam’s apple
○ also known as cricoid cartilage
Trachea
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Beginning of the lower airway
Passage for air into lungs
It extends from the cricoid cartilage to the carina
○ where it splits into two passages
The front of the trachea is composed of rigid, C-shaped cartilage rings, which provide
support
The back of the trachea is made of smooth muscle
Branches into two tubes called bronchi
Bronchi and Alveoli
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Referred to as the right mainstem bronchus and the left mainstem bronchus
Right mainstem bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical than the left
The bronchi enter the lungs and then branch into smaller and smaller bronchial tubes
called bronchioles
bronchioles have small air sacs at the end called alveoli
Each alveolus is surrounded by a web of capillaries that allow oxygen and carbon
dioxide to be exchanged
Lungs
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Contain the alveoli and are the key organs of the respiratory system
Lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum
○ contains the heart, the esophagus, and the trachea
Right lobe has 3 sections:
○ Superior
○ Middle
○ Inferior lobes
Left lobe has 2 sections:
○ Superior
○ Inferior
Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles
Diaphragm
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flat, dome-shaped muscle below the lungs
separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
Intercostal Muscle
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Between ribs
When a person inhales, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract
The diaphragm moves downward while the intercostal muscles lift the ribs upward
and outward
Normal Physiology
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Diaphragm and intercostal muscles are contracting and relaxing
Air is getting in and out of your body with no problems
You should have 4-6 min. of air
Diseases and Disorders
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Atelectasis
○ Collapse of part or all of lung
○ Blockage of air passages or injury
○ Severe pain and shortness of breath
○ Use pulmonary suction to reinflate lung
Lung Cancer
○ Leading cause of death for males and females
○ Main cause smoking and asbestos
○ No symptoms in early stages
○ Surgical removal of lung or chemotherapy or radiation
Diseases and Disorders
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
○ Any disease that has blockage to air passage
○ Smoking, allergies, and persistent infections
Asthma
○ Bronchial tubes inflamed
○ Allergy, infection, or anxiety
○ Sudden tightness in chest, difficulty breathing
○ Oxygen therapy or an inhaled bronchodilator
Pneumonia
○ Inflammation and infection of lungs
○ Bacteria or virus
○ Difficulty breathing, chest pain, fever, and chills
○ Bed rest, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy
Urinary System
Functions
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Filters blood to remove waste
from it
● Excretes waste from the body
● Helps maintain the body’s
acid-base balance
Major Organs
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Two Kidney
Two Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
Kidneys
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The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of the vertebral
column, behind the upper part of the abdominal cavity.
Each kidney is divided into two main layers:
The Cortex (outer section) contains nephrons
The Medulla (inner section) contains tubules
Ureters and Bladder
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A Ureter is attached to each of the two kidneys.
Each one is a muscular tube
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The Bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that receives the urine from the
ureters and stores it until it is ready to be emptied from the body.
Urethra
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The Urethra is the tube that carries the urine from the
bladder out of the body.
The urethra is different in males and females:
In females: The tube is about 1.5 inches (4 cm) long. It opens in
front of the vagina and carries only urine to the outside.
In males: The tube is about 8 inches (20 cm) long. It passes
through the prostate gland and out the penis. It carries both
urine and semen, but not at the same time.
Other System Parts
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Two Sphincter Muscles: These circular
muscles help keep urine from leaking
Nerves in the bladder: The nerves alert
a person when it is time to urinate.
Normal Physiology
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The Glomerulus receives the blood carried to the kidney,
Water, mineral salts, sugar, metabolic products, and other substances
are filtered out of the blood,
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The filtered materials are picked up by the Bowman's Capsule,
The filtered materials are passed to the Convoluted Tubules,
Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed into the bloodstream,
Water and excess wastes that remain become urine passed to the
Collecting Tubules.
Diseases and Disorders
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Anuria
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Oliguria
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Sugar in the urine
Hematuria
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Urine output is above normal, more than 2,000 mL a day
Glycosuria
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Urine output is below normal, less than 500 mL a day
Polyuria
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No urine output
Blood in urine
Pyuria
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Pus in urine
Diseases and Disorders Cont...
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Nocturia
○ Urination at night
Dysuria
○ Painful urination
Retention
○ Inability to empty bladder
Incontinence
○ Lack voluntary control over urination
Diseases and Disorders Cont...
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Renal Calculus (kidney stone): Is formed when uric acid and calcium salts from
the urine clump together.
Cystitis: Is an inflammation of the bladder.
Nephritis: Is an inflammation of the kidneys.
Cardiovascular
System
Define and Describe
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Helps regulate body temperature by cooling and warming the blood and produces
audio sound.
Functions:
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Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the body
Removes metabolic waste and carbon dioxide from cells
Distributes hormones and antibodies throughout the body
Helps control body temperature and electrolyte balance
Parts
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Pericardium, Myocardium,
Endocardium
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Atria
Ventricles
Septum
Atria
The atria of the heart receive blood returning to the heart from other areas of the body.
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Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior venae cavae. The superior
vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, arm and chest regions of the body to the right
atrium. The inferior vena cava returns deoxygenated blood from the lower body regions (legs, back, abdomen
and pelvis) to the right atrium.
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Left Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary veins extend
from the left atrium to the lungs and bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart
Ventricles
The ventricles of the heart function to pump blood to the entire body.
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Right ventricle: Receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the main pulmonary artery. The main
pulmonary artery extends from the right ventricle and branches into left and right pulmonary arteries, which
extend to the lungs. Here oxygen-poor blood picks up oxygen and is returned to the heart via the pulmonary
veins.
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Left ventricle: Receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the aorta. The aorta carries and distributes
oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
Septum
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The main function of the septum in heart is that it acts as barrier in between the two ventricles of
the heart.
2.
It divides the heart in such a manner that it divides right and left ventricles
the septum.
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It does not allow the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
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It also maintains rigidity and support to the heart septum helps in proper
functioning of the heart.
Major Organs
● Arteries
● Capillaries
● Veins
Arteries
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An artery is a vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward other tissues and organs. Arteries are
part of the circulatory system, which delivers oxygen and nutrients to every cell of the body.
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Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues, except for pulmonary arteries, which carry
blood to the lungs for oxygenation. (Usually veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart but the pulmonary
veins carry oxygenated blood.)
Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest of the body's blood vessels.
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They are only one cell thick, and they are the sites of the transfer of oxygen and other
nutrients from the bloodstream to other tissues in the body; they also collect carbon
dioxide waste materials and fluids for return to the veins.
Veins
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carry blood back to the heart
Structure:
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While arteries are thick and muscular, veins are very thin and contain almost no muscle. The walls of veins are
so thin that you can see the blood inside of them.
Function:
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The main function of veins is to carry blood from the body back to the heart. This blood is low in oxygen,
depleted of nutrients, and loaded with waste products. If arteries are the supply train, veins can be thought of
as the garbage trucks.
Heart
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The heart is a two-sided, hollow organ about the size of a fist. It is located between
the lungs in the thoracic cavity and behind the sternum, slightly to the left. The heart
has three layers of tissue.
Pericardium: Double membrane or sac that covers the outside of the heart.
Myocardium: middle and thickest layer that pumps blood through the heart.
Endocardium: smooth layer of cells that lines inside of the heart.
Path Of Blood
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Venae Cavae
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
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Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Systemic Circulation
Normal Physiology
The blood circulatory system (cardiovascular system) delivers nutrients and oxygen to
all cells in the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the
entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the
heart.
Diseases
Congestive heart failure (CHF): heart is unable to pump enough blood to supply the
needs of the body
Hypertension: is high blood pressure “silent killer”
Anemia: occurs when red blood cells do not supply enough oxygen to the body tissues
Leukemia: is an abnormal increase in the number of white blood cells
Sickle cell disease: occurs when the body produces abnormal red blood cells in the shape
of a crescent
Digestive System
Define and Describe
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Process food into a form that can be used by body cells
Physically breaks down food into smaller pieces
Chemically breaks down food into fat, carbohydrates, and protein
Absorbs nutrients into the blood for use in the body
Helps maintain the proper amount of water, electrolytes, and other nutrients in the
body
Eliminates waste products
Major Body Parts
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Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Mouth
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Teeth begin mastication
Salivary glands secrete saliva
Food and saliva mixed for bolus
Enzymes increase rate of breakdown
Also makes deglutition easier
Tongue also aids in chewing/swallowing
Uvula helps keep food out of nasal cavity
Pharynx And Esophagus
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Carries both food and air
Epiglottis keeps food and liquid from entering the wrong pipe
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Muscular tube
Carries food into stomach
Stomach
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Saclike organ
Cardiac Sphincter valve controls entrance to stomach
Prevents backflow
Bolus mixes with gastric juices form chyme
Gastrin and pepsin breaks down proteins
Stomach churns and squeezes food to continue physical breakdown
1-4 hours chyme released to small intestine
Small Intestine
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Receives bile from liver
Divided into three sections
Duodenum
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Jejunum
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Last 12 feet and connects to large intestine
Walls lined with Villi
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Middle section approx. eight feet
Ileum
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First 10-12 inches
Increase nutrients
Digestion finished here goes through ileocecal valve into large intestine
Large Intestine and Anus
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Divided into three sections
Cecum
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Colon
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Middle Section
Rectum
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pouch at beginning
Last six to eight inches
Most water is absorbed back to bloodstream
Escherichia coli live in large intestine help for feces of waste material
Feces collected in rectum
Pass through anal canal expelled in anus as defecation
Pancreas
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Secretes juices
Protease break down proteins
Amylase breaks down starches
Lipase breaks down fats
Liver
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largest gland
breaks down bile
bile breaks down fat dissolves in water
Stores sugar
Breaks down toxins
Removes old red blood cells
Makes blood proteins
Gallbladder
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Receives bile
Stores bile until body doesn’t need it anymore
Normal Physiology
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The digestive system will be constantly taking in nutrients
Each organ will be creating its specific thing and will be storing and getting rid of
what is needed to keep the body working.
Diseases and Disorders
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Ulcer
○ Open sore on lining
○ Stress and bacteria
○ Burning pain and indigestion
○ Antacids, reducing stress, avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco
○ Antibodies may help
Constipation
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Defecation is delayed
Low fluids, lack of fiber, lack of exercise, stress
Pain and pressure in abdomen
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Drink fluids, eat food high in fiber, increase exercise, reduce
stress
Diseases and Disorders Cont...
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Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)
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layers of tissue inflamed
Stress
Chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramping, blood in stool, weight loss, fatigue
Anti-inflammatory meds., antibiotics, diet changes, reducing stress
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Obesity