Download Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

MOOD DISORDERS AND
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Ch. 9 & 11
Symptoms of Depression
Cognitive
Poor concentration, indecisiveness,
poor self-esteem, hopelessness,
suicidal thoughts, delusions
Physiological and
Behavioral
Sleep or appetite disturbances,
psychomotor problems, catatonia,
fatigue, loss of memory
Emotional
Sadness, depressed mood,
anhedonia (loss of interest or
pleasure in usual activities), irritability
Duration
Number of
symptoms
Major Depression
5 or more symptoms
including sadness or loss of
interest or pleasure
At least 2 weeks in
duration
Dysthymic Disorder
3 or more symptoms including
depressed mood
At least 2 years in duration
Subtypes of Depression
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w/Melancholic features
w/Psychotic features
w/Seasonal patterns
w/Catatonic features
w/Atypical features
w/Postpartum onset
Andrea Yates
Prevalence and Prognosis
Among adults, 15-to-24-year olds are most likely to have had a
major depressive episode in the past month.
Depression is less common among children than among adults.
Depression may be most likely to leave psychological and social
scars if it occurs initially during childhood, rather than during
adulthood
Age Differences in Depression
Percent with major
depression in last month
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
15-24
25-34
Age (in years)
35-44
45-54
Biological Theories
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Genetic
Neurotransmitter
Neurophysiological abnormalities
Neuroendocrine abnormalities
Risk of Bipolar Disorder
70
Percent with bipolar disorder
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MZ twins
DZ twins
Sibs, parents,
children
Biological parents
of BP adoptees
Second-degree
relatives
General population
Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar I vs. Bipolar II
 Bipolar
I – depression & mania
 Bipolar II – depression & hypomania
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Cyclothymic Disorder
Living with Bipolar Disorder
Psychological Theories of Mood Disorders
Behavioral Theories
Lewinsohn’s theory
Learned helplessness theory
Cognitive Theories
Aaron Beck’s Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Introjected hostility
Dependency on others’ evaluations
Social Perspectives
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The Cohort Effect
Social Status
Cross-Cultural Differences
Biological Treatments
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Light Therapy
Drug treatments
 Lithium,
antipsychotics (Bipolar Disorder)
 Antidepressants
 Tricyclic
 SSRIs
 MAOIs
Psychological Treatments for Depression
Behavioral Therapy
Increase positive reinforcers and decrease aversive events by teaching
the person new skills for managing interpersonal situations and the
environment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Challenge distorted thinking and help the person learn more adaptive
ways of thinking and new behavioral skills
Psychodynamic Therapy
Help the person gain insight to unconscious hostility and fears of
abandonment to facilitate change in self-concept and behaviors
Schizophrenia
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Positive Symptoms: Type 1
 Delusions
Persecutory
 Delusion of Reference
 Grandiose Delusions

 Hallucinations
 Disorganized
Thought and Speech
 Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
Schizophrenia
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Negative Symptoms: Type II
 Affective
 Alogia
 Avolition
Flattening
DSM-IV Criteria for Schizophrenia
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A. Core symptoms: two or more of the following
present for at least a 1-month period
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech
4. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. Negative symptoms
DSM-IV Criteria for Schizophrenia, continued
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B. Social/occupational functioning: significant
impairment in work, academic performance,
interpersonal relationships, and/or self-care
C. Duration: continuous signs of the disturbance for
at least 6 months; at least 1 month of this period
must include symptoms that meet Criterion A.
DSM IV Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder
A. An uninterrupted period of illness during which, at
some time, there is either a major depressive
episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode
concurrent with symptoms that meet Criterion A
for schizophrenia.
DSM IV Criteria for Schizoaffective Disorder,
continued
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B. During the same period of illness, there have been
delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the
absence of prominent mood symptoms.
C. Symptoms that meet criteria for a mood episode
are present for a substantial portion of the total
duration of the active and residual periods of the
illness
Prognosis of Schizophrenia
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Age and Gender Factors
Sociocultural Factors
Biological Theories of Schizophrenia
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Genetic Theories
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Structural Brain Abnormalities
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Birth Complications & Prenatal Viral Exposure
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Neurotransmitter Theories
Schizophrenia – Ventricle Abnormalities
Treatments for Schizophrenia
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Biological Treatments
Behavioral, Cognitive and Social Interventions
Cross-Cultural Treatments
Theories of Schizophrenia
Psychological
Theories
Controlling parents, schizophrenogenic mothers
(scientific scrutiny of this theory)
Sociocultural
Perspectives
Impact of stressful social situations,
environmental conditions
Family Interactions
and Schizophrenia
Family communication theories, communication
deviance, expressed emotion
Stress and
Schizophrenia
Rare that anyone would experience full-blown
schizophrenia in response to a stressful event.
Still, it is more likely that those with
schizophrenia may live in a more stressful
environment