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CENTRAL ILLINOIS TEACHING WITH PRIMARY SOURCES NEWSLETTER December 2008 The Confederacy Welcome to the 20th issue of the Central Illinois Teaching with Primary Sources Newsletter, a collaborative project of Teaching with Primary Sources Programs at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and Eastern Illinois University. Galbraith Map Illinois Contents Introduction—pg 1 Beyond President Lincoln—pg 2 Library of Congress Topic Connections— pg 2 Lesson Plans, Activities and Resources—pg 4 What’s New at www.loc.gov?—pg 5 Activity-Test Your Knowledge-pg 6 Image Sources—pg 7 Contact Information Amy Wilkinson [email protected] Cindy Rich [email protected] Editor Melissa Carr [email protected] Websites www.eiu.edu/~eiutps www.siue.edu/ education/tps With this i ssu e an d continuing through February 2009 the theme each month will reflect primary sources of the Abraham Lincoln Calendar. You can download and print a copy of the calendar at http:// www.eiu.edu/~eiutps. Eight days after Abraham Lincoln was elected president, South Carolina succeeded from the Union. This was the beginning of the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy elected Jefferson Davis to be their President. After his inauguration Davis sent a peace commission to Washington, however President Lincoln refused to see the representatives from the south. In April 1860, President Lincoln sent supplies to Fort Sumter, a Union fort surrounded by Confederate states. Davis responded by ordering an attack on the fort which signified the start of the Civil War. Davis believed he could find allies in England and France, as both countries already recognized the Confederate States of America. In November 1861, Jefferson Davis sent James Mason and John Sidell to appeal to England and France for support of the Confederate states in the war. Union soldiers apprehended the diplomats and returned them to the United States as prisoners. England was furious and considered this action as a violation of their neutrality. Lincoln also found himself in the position of avoiding a war with England. The war had taken a toll on Lincoln, not only as President but in his home life. Because his wife was from Kentucky, most of Mary Todd Lincoln’s family supported the Confederacy during the war. This was hard for Mary to bear, supporting her husband meant disagreeing with her family in Kentucky. President Lincoln granted a pass to Martha Todd White half-sister of Mary Todd Lincoln, to travel into the Union. Almost immediately stories and rumors of Martha smuggling contraband back to the south emerged. More controversy followed when Emily Todd Helm, another half-sister of Mary, attempted to cross Union lines. Emily was married to Benjamin Hardin Helm, a general in the Confederate army. When General Helm died in battle, Emily wished to return to her family in Kentucky. For a while she stayed with President and Mrs. Lincoln, to have a Confederate widow in the White House outraged many. Lincoln issued an amnesty and loyalty oath for Emily Todd Helm so she could pass Union lines and enter the south to attend to her property. The amnesty was conditional on Emily taking the loyalty oath to the Union, which she never did. When she returned to Washington the following fall to acquire a license to sell cotton she owned in Mississippi, Lincoln refused to grant it unless she affirmed loyalty to the Union. Rather than doing that, Mrs. Helm returned to Kentucky and after one angry letter, was never again in contact with the Lincoln’s. Library of Congress American Memory accessed 11.03.08 The Confederacy Page 2 Beyond Lincoln On April 9, 1865 General Lee surrendered bringing an end to the Civil War. For several weeks the Union Army had been in pursuit of Jefferson Davis and his cabinet. Davis plan was an escape by sea from the east coast of Florida sailing to Texas where he hoped to establish a new Confederacy. His dream of a new Confederate nation was crushed on May 10, 1865 when he was captured by Union Soldiers. A s D a v i s cabinet disbanded, they took gold from the treasury. With rumors spreading among southern troops of the defeat of the Confederacy, Davis was in hourly anticipation of attacks by Confederate soldiers in search of treasure. Expecting these soldiers, Davis was not prepared for the Union soldiers that charged upon their camp. Davis and his family were put onboard a ship, along with Confederate Vice-President Alexander Stephens, and taken by sea to Fort Monroe, Virginia. On May 22, 1865, Davis was taken ashore in shackles and placed into solitary confinement. He was indicted on the charge of treason but never tried, and was released two years later in May 1867. Davis never requested or was granted a pardon for his actions. Library of Congress Today in History accessed 10.03.08 Library of Congress America’s Library accessed 10.03.08 Varina Davis, feeling her husband had been wrongly portrayed as a coward in the northern newspapers, wrote a letter to Montgomery Blair, a family friend and Post Master General under President Lincoln, detailing the capture of her husband. Varina Davis was imprisoned at Savannah, Georgia and later joined Davis at Fort Monroe. (http:// l c w eb 2 . l o c .g o v / cg i - b i n / q u er y /r? a m m e m / mcc:@field(DOCID+@lit(mcc/005)) Library of Congress American Memory accessed 11.11.08 Topic Connections America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ amsshtml/amsshome.html Song sheets, not to be confused with sheet music, are mass produced sheets with lyrics but no music. Song sheets were first popular in the British Isles as early as the 1500’s. They found their height of popularity in the United States during the early nineteenth century. These song sheets provided entertainment during a time when there was little happiness in people’s lives. The country needed a diversion, especially the south towards the end of the war. Their way of life and all they knew was destroyed, their government had collapsed and t h e i r president was trying to avoid capture from the Union. The song sheets in this collection tell that story from “The Bonnie Blue Flag” to “The Capture of Jeff Davis”. Southern Voices http://memory.loc.gov/ ammem/award99/ncuhtml/ncuhome.html The toils of southerners and Confederate soldiers during the Civil War can be found in diaries and letters in this collection. It includes a range of individuals telling their stories, from Confederate soldiers, a Virginia girl during the War to a Confederate Chaplin. The Civil War diary of Miss Belle Edmondson of Shelby County, Tennessee, is available in this collection. Belle recorded news from the front, local skirmishes and rumors, troop movements, the running of contraband through federal lines and activities of family and slaves. According to family legend, which appears supported by diary accounts, Miss Edmondson was a Confederate spy. These diaries and stories tell of a life that are at risk of being forgotten. Primary sources such as these are a connection we have with this devastating time in our history. The Confederacy Page 3 Topic Connections Cont. An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and other Printed Ephemera http://memory.loc.gov/ ammem/rbpehtml/ Broadsides, leaflets, pamphlets and tickets are examples of printed ephemera that were originally meant to be read or used and then thrown away. It is amazing that so many have been saved. The Library’s collection of printed ephemera contains 28,000 items. It is almost as if you can follow the rise and fall of Jefferson Davis through broadsides. From a Virginia electoral ticket boasting Jefferson Davis for President to addresses by Davis to the people of the free states as well as the Confederacy. There is a May 2, 1865 proclamation from President Andrew Johnson offering a reward of $100,000 dollars for the arrest of Jefferson Davis. This proclamation states that “the murder of the late President Lincoln and the attempted assassination of the Honorable William H. Seward, Secretary of State, were incited, concerted and procured by Jefferson Davis” and his cabinet. After Davis capture and arrest he spent two years in prison before allowed bail. Davis bail bond with original signatures and an eight page leaflet from Gerrit Smith one of the men who signed Davis bail bond justifying his signature brings to an end Davis presidency. Apparently even the President of the Confederacy is not beyond being poked fun at in advertisements. One humorous advertisement asks the question “Why does Jefferson Davis look so thin? Why is Stephens so boney?” to find the answer go to http:// memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/ rbpebib:@field(NUMBER+@band (rbpe+20506100)). Historic American Sheet Music 18501920 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ award97/ncdhtml/hasmhome.html With marches, polkas and anthems, the music of the Confederacy during the Civil War is abundant. Not to be confused with song sheets, sheet music may not contain words to the songs. There are upbeat tunes written to lift the spirits of soldiers and songs played in southern homes while waiting for a loved one to return. Sheet music provided a form of entertainment during the Civil War. Like music today, songs of the Civil War were meant to be listened to over and over. Unlike CD’s and MP3’s sheet music shows wear over time and some sheets are discolored or torn. The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress http:// memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/ malhome.html There are many letters to and from President Lincoln concerning the Confederacy, most dealing with peace negotiations or rumors of peace. A letter to Lincoln from Prince de Joinville, a member of the House of Orleans, explored the rumor that the Confederacy was about to make a declaration of emancipation of their own. Of course, there were strings to the Confederate emancipation; it wouldn’t actually take effect for twenty to thirty years. There were even rumors of an attack by the south on Washington D.C. and that there was not an office in the Union not saturated with friends of Jefferson Davis. Being bombarded with diverse and rampant rumors and opinions on a daily basis had to place additional pressure and burdens on President Lincoln during the war. Lincoln had to run a country in the middle of a Civil War but as president also conducted foreign affairs. The possibility that England and France, who each recognized the Confederacy, might come to the aide of the south was a threat that would extend the war beyond the United States boarders. The Union did not have the manpower needed to fight another enemy. This was a war that had to be fought between the states, without foreign interference. Of all the letters in the Lincoln papers, there are none from Lincoln to Jefferson Davis and one from Davis to Lincoln. The subject of Davis letter is the capture of the vessel Savannah and an offer of exchanging prisoners. An interesting point in the letter; Davis addresses Lincoln as sir and not Mr. President, yet signs the letter Jefferson Davis, President and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the Confederate States of America. Page 4 The Confederacy Topic Connections Cont. Civil War Maps http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/civil_war_maps/index.html There are a numerous maps in this collection so a simple search for Confederacy will find a map for every southern state. Finding specific maps such as Confederate States of America transportation, army or campaign maps are easier to locate by using the index and browsing by subject. Camp Lawton, a Confederate prison camp, once confined approximately 8,600 prisoners. One prisoner was Robert Knox Sneden. Sneden was paroled by Isaiah White a surgeon for the camp who made Sneden his assistant. Sneden created a map of Camp Lawton with great detail containing the exact location of the camp, hospital and the number of dead buried in the camp. Robert Knox Sneden also created a map showing the route he took as a prisoner of war from Richmond, Virginia to Camp Lawton in Andersonville, Georgia. William Henry Fitzhugh, a member of the 4th Virginia Calvary, was wounded and captured during the battle at Williamsburg. While recuperating he created a map designed to aid in his escape. The map is of the James River and depicts the area of the Virginia Peninsula between Williamsburg and Richmond. The Library has two special collections of Civil War Maps. The Hotchkiss Maps created by Major Jedediah Hotchkiss, a topographic engineer in the Confederate Army, these are detailed battle maps used by Generals Robert E. Lee and “Stonewall” Jackson. The Sherman Map Collection which consists of 210 maps and three atlases belonging to General William T. Sherman. Lesson Plans, Activities and Resources Exhibits: Battle of Fort Sumter http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm117.html Ruins in Richmond http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm110.html America’s Story: Jump Back in Time: Robert M. T. Hunter was Born http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/nation/hunter_2 Jefferson Davis Elected President of the Confederate States of America http:// www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/davis_1 Charleston Surrendered http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/charlstn_1 Lee Surrendered http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/surrender_3 Jefferson Davis was Captured http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/jeffdav_1 Special Presentation: Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America 1861-1865 http:// memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwcc.html Local Legacies: Jefferson Davis Days http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/legacies/KY/200003058.html Wise Guide: A Confederacy of Copyrighters http://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/may07/confederacy.html A Confederacy of Maps http://www.loc.gov/wiseguide/oct05/maps.html The Confederacy Lesson Plans, Activities and Resources Cont. Learning Page: Lesson Plans: Ladies, Contraband and Spies: Women in the Civil War http://memory.loc.gov/learn/ lessons/01/spies/index.html Features and Activities: Civil War and Reconstruction: The South During the War http://memory.loc.gov/learn/ features/timeline/civilwar/southwar/south.html Today in History: Jefferson Davis Elected http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov06.html Jefferson Davis Captured http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may10.html Andersonville Prison http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/nov10.html I am a Southern Man http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/apr21.html The Fall of Atlanta http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/sep01.html What’s New at LOC.GOV Celebrating Lincoln’s 200th Birthday Even though President Lincoln’s 200th birthday is still two months away, the Library of Congress is preparing for a spectacular exhibit. On February 12, 2009 the Library will open “With Malice Toward None: The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Exhibition”, an exhibit celebrating Lincoln’s 200th birthday. The exhibit will contain items from Lincoln’s early years as a lawyer through his assassination. This exhibition will include many of the abundant Lincoln items in the Library’s collections. Although still in developmental stages, items have arrived at the conservation department for preparation. In the LOC blog on October 30, 2008 you can see an example of items going on display. The objects Lincoln had in his pocket at the time of his assassination which most of you have seen in the online exhibit “Artifacts of the Assassination” http://www.loc.gov/ exhibits/treasures/trm012.html in the picture below showing how items are stored. Making a rare appearance is a seed pearl and gold necklace and bracelet often worn by Mary Todd Lincoln. Although these items have been displayed before, to view all of them in one exhibit will be extraordinary. This exhibit will have something for everyone. Personal items, letters, military and campaign items, the Lincoln family Bible, political cartoons and photographs will be included. These items may show a new perspective of who Abraham Lincoln was, as president and a man. A companion volume to the exhibit will be available through the Library. “In Lincoln’s Hands; His Original Manuscripts with Commentary by Distinguished Americans” will feature original essays about the most important Lincoln documents, including the Gettysburg Address and Lincoln’s Second Inaugural address. The Library will also offer a Lincoln Symposium and Teacher Institutes to better equip educators for using primary sources relating to Lincoln. Library of Congress; LOC Blog by Matt Raymond, October 30, 2008. Accessed October 30, 2008 Library of Congress; News from the Library October 28, 2008. Accessed October 30, 2008 Images provided by Matt Raymond on LOC Blog October 30, 2008. Accessed October 30, 2008 Page 5 Page 6 The Confederacy Test Your Knowledge... Draw a line connecting the correct word and phrase. There is not a match for each word. Create a phrase for the remaining words. 1. South Carolina 2. Emily Todd Helm 3. April 9, 1865 4. England and France 5. Texas 6. Belle Edmondson 7. Kentucky 8. Sheet Music 9. Pardon 10. Camp Lawton 11. Jefferson Davis 12. Fort Sumter 13. Song Sheets 14. May 10, 1865 15. Andrew Johnson 16. Fort Monroe 17. “Savannah” 18. Varina Davis 19. James Mason 1. He offered $100,000 reward for the arrest of Jefferson Davis. 2. President of the Confederate States of America. 3. Where Mary Todd Lincoln’s family lived. 4. Confederate Prison Camp. 5. First state to succeed from the Union. 6. Where the Civil War started. 7. Mass produced sheets with lyrics but no music. 8. Davis sought these countries as allies. 9. Where Jefferson Davis was imprisoned. 10. Confederate spy. 11. Date Jefferson Davis was captured. 12. Topic of only letter found in the Lincoln papers from Davis to Lincoln. 13. Delegate for Confederacy. The Confederacy Image Sources Library of Congress Jefferson Davis, full-length portrait, seated Prints and Photographs The Library of Congress Abraham Lincoln Prints and Photographs The Library of Congress The starting point of the great war between the states. Inauguration of Jefferson Davis Prints and Photographs Library of Congress The true story of the capture of Jeff. Davis Prints and Photographs Library of Congress The casemate, Fortress Monroe, Jeff Davis in prison Prints and Photographs Library of Congress Jeff. Davis in prison Prints and Photographs Library of Congress The capture of Jeff. Davis. By DeWolfe. [n. p.] [n. d.] American Memory-America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets Library of Congress The bonnie blue flag. H. De Marsan, Publisher, No. 54 Chatham Street, New York, [n. d.] American Memory-America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets Library of Congress Jeff Davis' dream. Air--Lord Lovel. Johnson, Song Publisher, Stationer &c., Phila. [n. d.] American Memory-America Singing: Nineteenth-Century Song Sheets Library of Congress Illustration from The Heart of a Soldier as Revealed in the Intimate Letters ... by George E. American Memory-Southern Voices Library of Congress Election, Wednesday, November 6th, 1861. For President. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi. For Vice President, Alexander H. Stephens, of Georgia. Electoral ticket for the state at large ..... [Virginia 1861]. American Memory-An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Printed Ephemera Library of Congress Secession march; Op. 17. 1860 American Memory-Historic American Sheet Music 1850-1920 Page 7 Page 8 The Confederacy Image Sources Library of Congress Pertinent questions'. Why does Jefferson Davis look so thin? Why is Stephens so singularly boney? .... The fact that neither of them have ever called at M. Samstag's Nos. 462 and 464, Seventh street and consequently neither have ever tasted his American Memory-An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Printed Ephemera Library of Congress God save the South; Our national Confederate anthem. 186American Memory-Historic American Sheet Music 1850-1920 Library of Congress Jefferson Davis to Francis P. Blair Sr., Thursday, January 12, 1865 (Peace Negotiations) American Memory-The Abraham Lincoln Papers at the Library of Congress Library of Congress "Camp Lawton" at Millen, Georgia : about 8,600 prisoners confined here 14th November 1864. American Memory-Civil War Maps Library of Congress Map showing route taken by U.S. prisoners of war, Feby. 1864, when sent from Richmond, Va., to Andersonville, Georgia. American Memory-Civil War Maps