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Evolution Study Guide
Modified True/False
Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to
make the sentence or statement true.
s.
1. The gradual change in a species over time is called adaptation.
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2. Through na~al
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~eI9ction, harmful variations gradually accumulate in a species.
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3. When some members of a species become geographically isolated, they are less likely to form a
new species.
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Darwin thought that species evolved rapidly. _--",5:::..!~-",I.l-'.:I1=-).!...\/lf-/
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The more similar the DNA sequences of two species are, the more closely related the species are.
On a branching tree, a species is more closely related to a species on the same branch than to one on
a separate branch.
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Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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7. A
a.
b.
c.
d.
species is a group of similar organisms that
can mate with one another and produce fertile offspring.
can live together on an island.
can migrate to an island from the mainland.
all have exactly the same traits.
8. What did Darwin observe about finches in the Galapagos Islands?
a. Their feathers were adapted to match their environment.
b. Their beaks were adapted to match the foods they ate.
c. They had identical phenotypes in all locations.
d. They had identical genotypes in all locations.
9. The gradual change in a species over time is called
a.
b.
c.
d.
LIO.
A
a.
b.
c.
d.
mutation.
evolution.
migration.
variation.
trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a(n)
mutation.
selection.
adaptation.
variation.
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11. What did Darwin infer from his observations of organisms in South America and the Galapagos
Islands?
a. The organisms on the Galapagos Islands were virtually identical to mainland
orgamsms.
b. A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the mainland
from the Galapagos Islands.
c. The organisms on the Galapagos Islands were completely unrelated to mainland
orgarnsms.
d. A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the Galapagos
Islands from the mainland.
12. Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment
are
a.
b.
c.
d.
12
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more likely to survive and reproduce?
natural selection
overproduction
competition
variation
13. Which term refers to a species creating more offspring than can possibly survive?
a. natural selection
b. overproduction
c. evolution
d. variation
14. Differences between members of the same species are called
a. predators.
b. selections.
c. traits.
d. variations.
15. How does natural selection lead to evolution?
a. Stronger offspring kill weaker members of the species.
b. Helpful traits accumulate among surviving members of the species.
c. Overproduction provides food for stronger members of the species.
d. Environmental changes kill weaker members of the species.
16. What is the role of genes in evolution?
a. Only genes can be acted on by natural selection.
b. Parents with recessive genes die from overproduction.
c. The genes of most surviving parents have only dominant alleles.
d. Only traits that are controlled by genes can be acted on by natural selection.
Which of these is one of the main ways that a new species forms?
a. Cross-breeding occurs within the species.
b. A group is separated from the rest of the species.
c. Competition occurs between members of the species.
d. Mutations occur in the alleles of members of the species.
18. Which of these illustrates the impact of continental drift on the formation of new species?
a. Marsupial mammals adapt better in North America than in Australia.
b. Most mammals in Australia are marsupials, but few marsupials exist on other
continents.
c. Australia has fewer marsupials than South America.
d. Placental mammals live mainly in Australia.
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19. Which term refers to similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor?
a. DNA sequences
b. developmental organisms
c. homologous structures
d. punctuated equilibria
20. If two organisms look very similar during their early stages, this is evidence that the organisms
a. are not related.
b. evolved from different ancestors.
c. have exactly the same DNA.
d. evolved from a common ancestor.
21. Why do scientists think related species have similar body structures and development patterns?
a. The species inherited many of the same genes from one another.
b. The species inherited many ofthe same proteins from a common ancestor.
c. The species inherited all of the same genes from a common ancestor.
d. The species inherited many of the same genes from a common ancestor.
Scientists combine evidence from fossils, body structures, early development, and DNA and protein
structures to
a. determine what bones an animal has in its forelimbs.
b. determine the evolutionary relationships among species.
c. decide which fossils are older than others.
d. determine whether an organism will have gills during its early development.
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
24. Organisms can mate and produce fertile offspring only within their own
sfect'e s
25. An inherited characteristic that improves the chance for an organism to survive and reproduce is
a(n)
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.
a.
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26. In the process of f}4 fU
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environments are most likely to survive.
, the
organisms that are best suited to their
27. The separation of a group of organisms from the rest of its species by a mountain range is an example
of
e . ( j C::.isolation.
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28. New specie~ for ed when groups were isolated by the process of L61i{'/j
which Pangaea split apart.
29. The forelimbs of a bird and a mammal are examples of_--<h
((do! drift
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structures.
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31. Similarities in the e¥ly development of turtles and rats suggest that these animals share a common
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32. Scientists hor how groups of organisms are related by placing them on a diagram called a(n)
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dating can be used to determine which of two fossils is younger and which
is older, but not what their actual ages are.
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of a population
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34. ~ifferences betwej; the
If they are
p
in
will most likely be passed onto future generations
35. Mutations that llethal
in h07eozygOUSindividuals can survive in a population by being carried by
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A population 0
d snaIls colonized a field of yellow grass. At first, the population
contained two types of snails, one with brown bands on their shells and another with
yellow bands on their shells, as shown in the figure below. After 10 years, most of
the snails had shells with yellow bands.
SNAIL SHELL \"lTII
YELLOW BANDS
SNAIL SHELL WITH
BROWN BANDS
most likely led to an increase in the number of snails with yellow bands?
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3 7. What is the most likel
grassland?
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A field of crops was sprayed ith pesticides to control a population of insects that was eating the
crop. Only 1% of the insects survived. The same amount and type of pesticide was sprayed on the
field each year for the next 4 years. The graph below shows the percentage of insects that survived
each year after the pesticide was used.
YEARLY INSECT
SURVIVAL
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38.
Why was the pesticide less ffective each year in its ability to control the target population of
insects?
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39.
In a species of plant, the sudden appearance of one Blan, ~th a different leaf structure would
most likely be the result of
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41.
In carrier pigeons there is a rare inherited condition that causes the death of the chicks before
hatching. In order for this disease t9 be passed from generation to generation there must be
parent birds that
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Describe natural selection
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The idea th~t evolution takes place at a continuous but very slow rate is knows as jJ(t{c:iU.U
The idea that evolution take:plage at one 'po~t ~ time, followed by a long period ~thout
change is
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When mountaiJ lions prey on a herdkt deer, some deer are killed and some escape. Which
part of Darwin's concept of natural selection might be used to describe this situation? VaYt' ,Oil
Natural selection acts directly on --~I-J....J.~J'--"'-\-f-';f---F"-'~=-------------If a mutation introduces a new skin col r in a lizar
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genetic diversity provides a species with a higher probability of surviving
change to its environment.
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A random change in gene frequency in a small population is cal e
Genetic drift is most likely to occur in __ .:..L.L!..ll!I.LLL~~V~~~l...!.L.L,~
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A single species of squirrel evolved over time into two spec' es, each on oppo ite
Grand Canyon. This change was most likely due to
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All the genes of all members of a particular population
p e population's gene pool.
Describe a gene pool.
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ctit '/he alleles
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In genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of what?
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Genetic drift tends to occur in populations that
56.
A small population of chimpanzees lives in a habitat that undergoes no change for a long
period. How will genetic drift probably affect this population?
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57.
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Comparisons are made between two different organisms by finding the place where the two
lines intersect. The number where the columns and rows intersect shows how many amino
acids are different in the cytochrome c of both organisms. For example, the number of amino
acids that are different when comparing a rabbit's cytochrome c with a tuna's cytochrome c is
17. The larger the number, the greater the difference in the structure ofthe cytochrome c
molecules of the two organisms.
58. According to the table, which pair of organisms is least closely related?
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59.
According to the table, which pair of organisms is most closely related? n(IY{J/J/\ "'-- !YTr}ft
60.
In a certain area of undisturbed layers of rock, fossils of horseshoe crabs may be found in th/
upper layer, and a lower layer contains fossils of trilobites. Trilobites are extinct aquatic
arthropods resembling modem horseshoe crabs. What does this information suggest?
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In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble each
other. This observation suggests that these animals may have
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62. What is the relationship between mutation ray.~and evolution?
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63. Compare and contrast the three types of natural selection and give an example of each.