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Study Guide: Chapter 10 Bacteria & Viruses 1. Define: • Antibiotic – medicine used to treat many bacterial diseases • Antiviral – a type of medicine that keeps viruses from reproducing • Archaebacteria – prokaryotes that live in harsh environments, often where nothing else can live • Bioremediation – use of bacteria to change harmful chemicals to harmless ones 1. Define: • Conjugation - exchange of genetic material in bacteria • Cyanobacteria - bacteria that contain the green pigment chlorophyll and make their own food • Decomposer - organism that breaks down dead organisms • Endospore - a thick-walled case in which bacteria store genetic material during harsh conditions 1. Define: • Eubacteria - the most common kind of bacteria • Genetic engineering - changes in the genes of bacteria or other living things • Host - a living thing that a virus or parasite lives on or in 1. Define: • Lysogenic cycle - a cycle in which a virus’s genes live in a host but are inactive • Lytic cycle - a cycle in which a virus attacks a host and causes it to make viruses • Nitrogen fixation - the process in which bacteria change nitrogen in the air into a form that plants can use 1. Define: • Pathogenic bacteria - bacteria that cause disease • Prokaryote - a single-celled organism with no nucleus 1. Define: • Protein coat - the substance that protects a virus’s genetic material and helps it get inside a cell • Vaccination - a way to prevent viral infections • Virus - a particle that invades a cell and uses it to create copies What happens when bacteria reproduce by binary fission? The DNA is copied, then one cell splits into two cells, and each new cell gets a copy of the DNA What organism can live where nothing else lives? Archaebacteria How many cells do bacteria have? ONE How do bacteria help the environment? • Bioremediation • Decomposing • Nitrogen Fixation How do viruses reproduce? Lytic cycle (more viruses are made) and Lysogenic cycle (DNA is copied and spread) List and describe the shapes of bacteria. • Bacilli – rod-like • Cocci – spherical • Spirilla – spiral shaped List and describe the shapes of viruses. How are viruses like and unlike living things? Like Unlike Viruses reproduce with the help of a host Viruses have DNA or RNA Viruses use energy but it is not their own Viruses don’t have cells Viruses don’t sense and respond to change Viruses don’t grow and develop Antibiotics can be used to kill many pathogenic bacteria, but they are useless against viruses ___________________. Colds and flu are caused by _______________________. viruses