Download Biodiversity Classification

Biodiversity
Biodiversity
Let’s Dive In
1. Course Outline
Outcomes
Instructors
Text
Grading
2. Course Syllabus
3. Online resources
1. http://www.mhhe.com/raven7
http://www.mhhe.com/raven7
2. http://www.msubillings.edu/sciencefaculty/wiatr/
Nomenclature: Naming Organisms
Outline: Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution Chapter 25
I. Naming and Classifying organisms
Binomial Nomenclature – Naming Organisms
Taxonomy - The Science of Classifying Organisms
Hierarchy of Classification
II. Understanding how diversity got here
Systematics – The Science of Constructing and Studying Phylogenies
Cladistics – The tool of Systematics to construct phylogenies
III. Molecular data are revolutionizing taxonomy
Protists are polyphyletic ≈ 200,000 species
Fungi … a common molecular heritage with animals?
IV. The Kingdoms of Life
Æ Archaebacteria, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Æ Eukaryotic: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, & Protista
Prokaryotic: Archaebacteria & Bacteria
Viruses: A Special Case
Three domains
Six-kingdom
What is a Species?
• Definition of a species
– Interbreeding population
– Potentially breeding population
– Inherent willingness to interbreed
– Production of fertile, viable offspring
• Binomial Nomenclature
–
–
–
–
system by Carolus Linnaeus about 250 years ago.
binomial - two-part name for each species
Genus + specific epithet
Name given to a species
• Examples of Binomials
–
–
–
–
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens - humans
Acer rubrum Acer rubrum - Red maple
Felis domesticus Felis domesticus - Cat
Felis concolor Felis concolor – mountain lion
Classification
Taxon = group of organisms at a particular level in a
classification system.
Hierarchy of Classification
Domain Æ Kingdom Æ Phylum Æ Class Æ Order Æ
Family Æ Genus Æ species
Domain Æ Largest & most inclusive
Species Æ Basic unit of classification
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Classification
Classification
Classification
Hierarchical system of classification
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogeny = a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships
Species
Felis
catus
(cat)
Mephitis
mephitis
(skunk)
Lutra
lutra
(European
otter)
Canis
familiaris
(dog)
Canis
lupus
(wolf)
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Studying Evolutionary Relationships
• Systematics
– attempts to reconstruct phylogenies
– study of evolutionary relationships
• Cladistics
Genus
Felis
Mephitis
Lutra
Family Felidae
Mustelidae
Order
Carnivora
Canis
Canidae
– Analytical tool to reconstruct phylogenies
– Distinguishes ancestral from shared characters
– Uses shared, derived characters
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Cladistics Terminology
Cladistic
Analysis
• Outgroup
Vertebrate = Ancestral Character State
Outgroup
Derived Character States
– A species closely related to group under study
• Ancestral character states
– Features exhibited by the outgroup
• Derived character states
– Character states not present in the outgroup.
• Clade
– Species that share derived characters
Cladogram = a phylogeny
Interpreting a Cladogram
Monophyletic group
–
–
Includes recent common ancestor and
Includes all of its descendants.
Paraphyletic group
–
–
Includes most recent common ancestor
Does not include all of its descendents.
Polyphyletic group
–
–
Does not include most recent common ancestor
Does not include all the members.
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Monophyletic Group
Common Ancestor
All
Descendants
Included
Paraphyletic Group
Common Ancestor
Not all
Descendants
included
3
Polyphyletic Group
Descendants ?
Common Ancestor ?
Types of Phylogenies:
Monophyletic, Paraphyletic & Polyphyletic
What does a Cladogram Reveal?
1. Establishes ancestral similarity – found in a common ancestor
Clade/Phylogeny
Most recent
ancestor
All descendants
of ancestral
species
+
+
Monophyletic
2. Reveals derived similarity - within a group
3. Shared, derived characters provide information about evolutionary relationships
A. Clades are evolutionary units related by
1.common ancestry and
2. shared, derived characters.
B. Clade nodes (branching points) reveal how closely related two species are
Paraphyletic
Polyphyletic
+
-
-
-
Classification of Life
Common Bacteria
Domain
Bacteria
C. Cladograms indicate order of evolutionary branching events
D. Cladograms do not time evolutionary events
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Prokaryote
Extreme bacteria
Cell
LIFE
Simple/ single
cells
type?
Archaebacteria
Domain
Archaea
Protista
Autotrophs
END
Plant
Eukaryote
Many cells
absorptive
Fungi
Heterotrophs
ingestive
Animal
Domain
Eukarya
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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Classification of Life
Thermophiles
Halophiles
Archaebacteria
Methanogens
Domain
Bacteria
(Bacteria)
Domain
Archaea
(Archaebacteria)
Domain
Eukarya
(Eukaryotes)
Animalia
Original
cell
Fungi
Ancestral
eukaryotic
cell
Non-photosynthetic protists
Brown algae
Red algae
Mitochondria
Photo- Green algae
synthetic
protists
Chloroplasts
Purple bacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria
Other bacteria
Protista
Plantae
Bacteria
Common ancestor
Cladistic Analysis
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Cladistic analysis
1. Attempts to reconstruct phylogenies
2. Assumes homologous structures are used
3. Ancestral characters: unchanged & present in descendants
4. Derived characters: evolved & not present in ancestors
5. Types of traits used
1. Morphology and anatomy
2. Development
3. Behavior
4. Chemistry
5. Molecular traits
5
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Traits:
Jaws Lungs Amniotic Hair No tail Bipedal
Organism
membrane
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lamprey
1
0
0
0
0
0
Shark
1
1
0
0
0
0
Salamander
1
1
1
0
0
0
Lizard
Tiger
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
Gorilla
Human
1
1
1
1
1
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hierarchical system of
classification
Cladistic Analysis
Lamprey Shark Salamander Lizard Tiger Gorilla Human
Bipedal
No tail
Hair
Lungs
Jaws
Amniotic
membrane
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
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Monophyletic, Paraphyletic &
Polyphyletic
Most recent
ancestor
All descendants of
ancestral species
Monophyletic
+
+
Paraphyletic
+
-
Polyphyletic
-
-
Clade/Phylogeny
Classifying Living Organisms
Outline: Systematics and Phylogeny
Read: Chapter 25
1. Nomenclature
2. Classification
3. Systematics & Cladistic Analysis
4. Recognizing phylogenies
Kingdoms & Domains
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Fall of Kingdom Protista
Ancestral
eukaryote
“Protists”
Green algae
Plants
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
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