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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22697782A40180123 Eudyptes robustus, Snares Penguin Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2012. Eudyptes robustus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22697782A40180123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20121.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en Copyright: © 2015 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae Taxon Name: Eudyptes robustus Oliver, 1953 Common Name(s): • English: Snares Penguin, Snares Crested Penguin, Snares Islands Penguin Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International. Taxonomic Notes: Eudyptes pachyrhynchus and E. robustus (Sibley and Monroe 1990, 1993) are retained as separate species contra Christidis and Boles (2008) who include robustus as a subspecies of E. pachyrhynchus. Identification Information: 60 cm. Medium-sized, yellow-crested, black-and-white penguin. Dark blue-black upperparts, head, neck. White underparts. Bright yellow, thin stripe from above eye to form drooping, bushy crest behind eye. Bare pink skin at base of large red-brown bill. Similar spp. Erect-crested Penguin E. sclateri is taller with erectile, bushy crests. Fiordland Penguin E. pachyrhynchus lacks pink bare skin at base of bill, crest feathers usually shorter, whitish stripes often on cheeks. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1 Year Published: 2012 Date Assessed: May 1, 2012 Justification: This species is classified as Vulnerable because it is restricted to one extremely small island group and hence is susceptible to stochastic events and human activities. Population trends are not clear, but if it is shown to be undergoing any decline, as is happening in some congeners, the species should be uplisted to Critically Endangered. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2010 – Vulnerable (VU) 2008 – Vulnerable (VU) 2005 – Vulnerable (VU) 2004 – Vulnerable (VU) 2000 – Vulnerable (VU) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 1 1996 – Vulnerable (VU) 1994 – Vulnerable (VU) 1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc) Geographic Range Range Description: Eudyptes robustus breeds on the Snares Islands (3 km2), 200 km south of New Zealand. The population was estimated at 23,250 breeding pairs in 1985-1986; 19,000 on North-East Island, 3,500 on Broughton and 750 on the Western Chain islets. In 2000, 25,861 pairs were counted on North-East Island and 4,000 on Broughton (Amey et al. 2001). The 2008 survey produced counts of 21,819 nests on North-East Island and 4,234 nests on Broughton, suggesting that the species had experienced a poor breeding year in line with that observed in the other seabird species present; a repeat survey in 2010 found 25,905 nests on North-East Island and 5,161 nests on Broughton (J. Hiscock in litt. 2012). The population is considered stable (J. Hiscock in litt. 2012). The wintering range is largely unknown, although occasional records from the waters off Tasmania and South Australia suggest a movement towards Australia (D. Houston in litt. 2008). Country Occurrence: Native: New Zealand Vagrant: Argentina; Falkland Islands (Malvinas) Present - origin uncertain: Australia © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 2 Distribution Map © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 3 Population A survey in 2010 found 25,905 nests on North-East Island and 5,161 nests on Broughton (J. Hiscock in litt. 2012), suggesting that there are c.31,000 pairs, or c.62,000 mature individuals. This is assumed to equate to a total population of c.93,000 individuals. Trend Justification Surveys suggest that the population is stable or perhaps increasing (Amey et al. 2001, Mattern et al. 2009, J. Hiscock in litt. 2012). Current Population Trend: Stable Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) It nests in dense colonies, of usually between 50 and 500 pairs (mean 200, range 1-1,305 [Department of Conservation unpubl. data]), mostly under the forest on North-East Island, but otherwise in the open (P. J. McClelland in litt. 1999, J. Hiscock in litt. 2012). Chicks are fed on krill (60%), fish (30%) and squid (10%), and that there are indications that fish and squid play a more important role in the diet of adults (Mattern et al. 2009). In the breeding season, the species forages predominantly in the Subtropical Convergence Zone during the incubation period and within a 50-km radius to the north of the Snares Islands after hatching (Mattern 2012). It may first breed at four years of age and the oldest known bird lived to 20 years (Heather and Robertson 1997). The yellow crest of the species may serve as a condition-dependent indicator to conspecifics, thus potentially a signal of social status or attractiveness (McGraw et al. 2009). Systems: Terrestrial, Marine Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The main threats are commercial fisheries, oceanographic changes, and oil spills (Mattern 2012). There are no introduced predators on the Snares Islands and consequently the possibility of the accidental introduction of mammals is a continual concern (B. D. Bell verbally 1993). The Snares Islands are the site of a large squid fishery, which may be in competition with the species (Ellis et al. 1998). Other Eudyptes species in the region are presently undergoing major declines (E. sclateri, E. chrysocome), perhaps due to oceanic warming and the associated change in distribution of prey species (Ellis et al. 1998). Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway The islands are nature reserves and part of a World Heritage Site declared in 1998. Landing is by permit only (D. Houston in litt. 2008). Conservation Actions Proposed Census all breeding colonies during incubation period. Complete regular counts every 10 years to monitor trends in the population (Taylor 2000). Turn World Heritage Site territorial seas (out to 12 nautical miles) into a marine reserve and restrict all fishing (B. Weeber in litt. 2000). Credits Assessor(s): BirdLife International © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 4 Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A. Contributor(s): Bell, B., Hiscock, J., Houston, D., Mattern, T., McClelland, P. & Weeber, B. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Allinson, T, Benstead, P., Calvert, R., Mahood, S., McClellan, R., Taylor, J. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 5 Bibliography Amey, J. M., McAllister, A. K., Houston, D. M. and Tennyson, A. J. D. 2001. Census of the Snares crested penguin breeding population. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 28(4): 432–433. Ellis, S., Croxall, J.P. and Cooper, J. 1998. Penguin conservation assessment and management plan: report from the workshop held 8-9 September 1996, Cape Town, South Africa. IUCN/SSC, Apple Valley, USA. Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A. 1997. The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 19 June 2012). Marchant, S.; Higgins, P. J. 1990. Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds, 1: ratites to ducks. Oxford University Press, Melbourne. Mattern, T. 2012. Snares Penguin Eudyptes robustus. In: García Borboroglu, P. G. and Boersma P. D. (eds), Biology and Conservation of the World’s penguins, University of Washington Press, Seattle U.S.A. Mattern, T.; Houston, D.; Lalas, C.; Setiawan, A. N.; Davis, L. S. 2009. Diet composition, continuity in prey availability and marine habitat - keystones to population stability in the Snares Penguin (Eudyptes robustus). Emu 109: 204-213. McGraw, K. J.; Massaro, M.; Rivers, T. J.; Mattern, T. 2009. Annual, sexual, size- and condition-related variation in the colour and fluorescent pigment content of yellow crest-feathers in Snares Penguins (Eudyptes robustus). Emu 109(2): 93-99. Taylor, G. A. 2000. Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Department of Conservation, Wellington. Citation BirdLife International. 2012. Eudyptes robustus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T22697782A40180123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 6 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.3. Forest - Subantarctic Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m) Breeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m) Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.2. Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m) Breeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.2. Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m) Nonbreeding Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en Severity Impact Score 7 5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources -> 5.4.4. Unintentional effects: (large scale) 8. Invasive & other problematic species & genes -> 8.1. Invasive non-native/alien species -> 8.1.1. Unspecified species 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.3. Temperature extremes Ongoing Whole (>90%) Negligible declines Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects Future Majority (5090%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Whole (>90%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Rapid declines Slow, significant declines Medium impact: 6 Low impact: 5 Medium impact: 7 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Yes Systematic monitoring scheme: Yes In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range Occur in at least one PA: No Invasive species control or prevention: Yes In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: No In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: No Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection Research Needed © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 8 (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Estimated area of occupancy (AOO) (km²): 3 Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 3 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): Unknown Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Number of Locations: 1 Continuing decline in number of locations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Upper elevation limit (m): 70 Population Number of mature individuals: 62000 Continuing decline of mature individuals: Unknown Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: No No. of subpopulations: 1 Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: Yes No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 100 Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Unknown Generation Length (years): 11.1 Movement patterns: Full Migrant © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 9 Habitats and Ecology Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Eudyptes robustus – published in 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22697782A40180123.en 10 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™