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Muscles
Muscles
Skeletal muscles are attached to
the bone of the skeleton.
•They are called voluntary muscle
because they contain nerves
under voluntary control.
•There is a bundles of muscle
cells or muscle fibers.
Muscles
Skeletal muscle
•Provides movement to limbs
•They contract quick
•They fatigue easily
•Cannot remain contracted for
long periods of time
•Examples
Muscles
Smooth muscle is not attached to
bone and is an involuntary
muscle.
-they act slowly
-do not tire easily
-remain contracted for
long periods of time.
-Examples
Muscles
Cardiac muscle is found only in
the heart. It is involuntary muscle.
-it requires continuous oxygen or
it will die
-all the fibers of the heart contract
together as a unit.
Muscles
Characteristics of Muscles:
Contractibility-ability to shorten or
reduce the distance between the
parts
Excitability-ability to respond to
stimuli
Extensibility-ability to be stretched
Elasticity-ability to return to
normal
Muscles
-There are 650 muscles in the
body.
-To move a body part a muscle
must be attached to a bone so
that it can pull, they never push.
-Muscles are attached by
tendons which
are attached
to bones
Muscles
The Origin of a muscle is attached
to a fixed structure, it moves least
during muscle contraction.
Usually more proximal.
The Insertion is the other end,
attached to a movable part,
moves during contraction.
The Belly is the central body of
the muscle.
Muscles
Muscles are in pairs, agonist and
antagonist.
When one is working the other is
helping to stabilize, but it is not
working.
Example: Biceps and Triceps
Muscles
For muscles to contract they need
energy.
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is
the energy it uses.
As ATP is used up Lactic Acid is a
byproduct of the breakdown.
Muscles
Skeletal muscle must be
stimulated to contract.
Muscles
•Muscle Fatigue is caused by a
build up of Lactic Acid
•Vigorous activity causes the
blood to not transport enough
oxygen and lactic acid to build up.
•Muscle fatigue and cramps may
be a result of lactic acid build up
Muscles
Muscle tone-the state of partial
contraction in which muscles are
maintained.
Isometric vs. Isotonic
VS
Muscles
Atrophy-decreased tone
Hypertrophy-enlarged tone
Can we increase the # of muscle
fibers we have?
Muscles
Muscle Atrophy-wasting or loss of
muscle tissue resulting from
disease or lack of use.
Causes: disuse or
sedentary life
Or injury in athletic
population
Muscles
•Muscle Hypertrophy-increase in
the mass/size of muscle
Causes: exercise, stimulus that is
sufficient to cause
overcompensation in
the muscle
Muscles
Injuries to Internal Soft tissue:
1. Strains 2. Tendonitis
3. Bursitis 4. Contusions
5. Sprains
Muscles repair by forming scar
tissue which is tight and inelastic,
this makes them prone to reinjury
Muscles
• Acute injuries are those resulting from a
direct blow or single incident
overstressing.
• Chronic injuries are a result of overuse,
prolonged repetitive use.
Muscles
Strain-injury to MUSCLE caused
by twisting or pulling of a muscle
or tendon.
Muscles
Strain
Signs and Symptoms (Sx)
•Muscle spasm, pain and weakness
•Localized swelling,
cramps and inflammation
•Loss of muscle function
Muscles
Strain
Treatment
Stage 1-reduce pain and swelling
24-48 hours do RICE
Stage 2-Rehabilitation with the
goal of improving the condition
and injured part and restoring it
to full function.
Muscles
StrainRehabilitation Goals•Reduce swelling, prevent
stiffness and restore normal ROM
•Increase strength and flexibility
•Full daily activity
including sport
Muscles
The things a person can do to
reduce the risk of a sprain are
numerous. Some are realistic and
some not so much.
Muscles
Sprains-an injury resulting from a
fall, sudden twist, or blow to the
body that forces a joint out of its
normal position.
A sprain is an overstretching or
tearing of the ligament supporting
the joint.
Muscles
Sprain
Signs and Sx
-pain, swelling, bruising and loss
of the ability to move the joint.
-feel a pop or tear
Muscles
Sprain
Grading the injury
Grade 1-mild, sprain
causes overstretching
or slight tear, but little or no joint
instability.
-bruising is absent or slight
-able to bear weight, usually no x-ray
is necessary
Muscles
Sprain
Grading the injury
Grade 2- Moderate, sprain causes
partial tearing of the ligament
-difficulty bearing weight
-experiences loss of function
-moderate pain, swelling and
bruising
Muscles
Sprain
Grading the injury
Grade 3-severe sprain completely
tear or rupture the ligament.
-cannot bear weight
-swelling, pain, bruising is severe
-x-ray often taken to rule out Fx
Muscles
Tendonitis-an inflammation of the
tendon
•When a muscle contracts it pulls
on a bone to cause movement,
the tendon transmits the force
from muscle to
bone.
Muscles
The smooth gliding of the tendon
can become impaired and cause
tendonitis.
Muscles
Tendonitis
Signs and Sx
-pain and inflammation along a
tendon, usually near a joint.
-worse with movement and at
night
-progressively gets worse with
repeated overuse and movement
aggravate the condition.
Muscles
Tendonitis-Treatment
•Avoid the aggravating activity to
let inflammation subside.
•Anti-inflammatories, icing
tendon, ultrasound, stretching and
cross friction massage.
•In future slowly increase
intensity and type of exercise
Muscles
Bursitis-inflammation of a bursa
Bursa-fluid filled sack whose job it
is to decrease friction between
two surfaces.
-result from a repetitive
movement or prolonged
pressure. Can result
from a direct blow
Muscles
BursitisSigns and Sx
-similar to tendonitis, pain with
movement, pain worse at night,
aggravated by repetition and
overuse.
-can have inflammation to a
greater degree than tendonitis
Muscles
Bursitis-Treatment
•Avoid activity causing irritation,
and anti-inflammatories
•May need to be drained
•Increase muscles in joint, avoid
repetition, cushion joint and take
frequent rests to avoid
reoccurrence of bursitis.
Muscles
Bursitis-Treatment
•Avoid activity causing irritation,
and anti-inflammatories
•May need to be drained
•Increase muscles in joint, avoid
repetition, cushion joint and take
frequent rests to avoid
reoccurrence of bursitis.
Muscles
Myositis ossificans- calcification
that forms within muscle.
Return to play with full ROM, pad
Muscles
Contusion-direct blow or blunt
injury that does not break skin.
Ecchymosis-bruise, blood collects
in skin.
Treatment•ice
•Massage
•stretch