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TEXTBOOK SECTION 3.1, p. 121 Check Your Understanding Answers Checking Concepts 1. The development of the two sticklebacks in the same lake was caused by competition for food and space. 2. The role of pioneer species, such as mosses and lichens, is to change the biotic and abiotic environment, which will then allow other species to survive in the ecosystem. 3. Lichens are considered a pioneer species because lichens are able to obtain nutrients from rock through chemical weathering. Also, lichens decay, adding to the developing soil. 4. New soil is created in primary succession by the release of nutrients from rock through chemical weathering and the decay of pioneer species plant material, which adds more nutrients to the developing soil. 5. The order is (d), (b), (a), and (c). 6. After a volcanic eruption, all the life and previous soil will be destroyed. Since the cooled lava flow will be barren, this is primary succession. 7. (a) Lodgepole pine trees naturally defend themselves against the beetle by secreting a resin, which traps and flushes the adult beetles from the tree. (b) The mountain pine beetle has had such a devastating impact on lodgepole pine forests because cold temperatures are not being sustained long enough to kill the beetle larvae and suppression of forest fires has retained large number of older host trees for the beetles. Older trees do not secrete as much resin to defend against the beetle. 8. There are more types of species in a forest undergoing succession because there is less light available in a mature forest so there is less of a variety of plant species and therefore fewer different habitats for animals. Understanding Key Ideas 9. Darwin’s finches illustrate adaptive radiation since changes in some finches allowed them to adapt to particular niches and food sources. The individuals that were best adapted survived and reproduced and that is natural selection. 10. Sample answer: bare rock → mosses and lichens → nutrients available → decay → more 3.1 TXT + WKBK answers.docx Page 1 of 3 soil → new species of plants established → animals move in → abiotic and biotic conditions continue to change → mature community 11. (a) There is no soil available in primary succession initially, but there is soil available in secondary succession. (b) There are no nutrients available initially in primary succession, but there are existing nutrients in secondary succession. (c) Secondary succession may take decades. Primary succession takes centuries. 13. The scenario should show a progression from grass to small trees and bushes to a forest. 14. Flooding affects ecosystems, causing soil erosion and pollution. Harmful bacteria may be carried in flood water and cause disease. Prolonged drought destroys habitats, killing animals and plants. Insect infestations can destroy forests and the habitats for animals. WORKBOOK: Section 3.1 How Changes Occur Naturally in Ecosystems Change in ecosystems Page 40 1. natural selection 2. adaptive radiation 3. ecological succession 4. primary succession 5. pioneer species 6. climax community 7. secondary succession 8. flooding 9. tsunami 10. drought 11. insect infestations Analyzing Information Primary and secondary succession Page 41 1. Answer should include the following sequence: • Lichens begin to grow. This begins the process of soil formation. • Plants, such as mosses, begin to grow. • Insects, micro‐organisms, and other organisms move in. • Grasses, wildflowers, and shrubs begin to grow. More insects and micro‐organisms move in. • Tree seeds are transported by animals. Deciduous trees grow. • Coniferous trees germinate. • Mature community develops. 2. Answer should include the following sequence: 3.1 TXT + WKBK answers.docx Page 2 of 3 • Exposed soil will contain micro‐organisms, worms, and insects as well as the seeds of wildflowers, weeds, grasses, and trees. • Other seeds may blow in or be carried in by animals. • Deciduous trees grow. • Coniferous trees return. • Mature community may only take decades to establish. Applying Knowledge How natural events affect ecosystems Page 42 NATURAL EVENT EFFECTS ON MATURE COMMUNITY • causes secondary succession • results in regrowth • causes soil erosion • results in soil and water pollution, leading to widespread disease • water carries away or destroys plants and animals • disrupts habitats and foods webs • salt from salt water changes composition of soil • destroys habitats • results in the death of plants and animals • leads to crop failures and livestock deaths • results in losses to forest canopy • disrupts habitats and food webs FIRE FLOODING TSUNAMI DROUGHT INSECT INFESTATION Assessment How changes occur naturally in ecosystems Page 43 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. E 5. C 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. B 3.1 TXT + WKBK answers.docx Page 3 of 3