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Union (American Civil War) wikipedia , lookup
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War wikipedia , lookup
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Reconstruction era wikipedia , lookup
American History— History—Chapter 12 Reconstruction Problems after the War z Human—What do you do with all the new slaves? All the people that died? z Political—What do you do with all the Southern states? What about Lincoln’s death? z Constitutional—Does the President or Congress have the right to chose which plan will work to fix the South Reconstruction z 1867-1877: Time period in which the United States tried to rebuild after the Civil War. z Also is the name for the process that the North allowed the South to come back to the United States. States z Critical Period in United States History Lincoln’s Plan z Didn’t blame individuals in the South— blame the Southern leaders for leaving g z Wanted to restore the Union as QUICK as possible z Amnesty--To pardon (forgive) people for crimes against the government z Lincoln’s Plan never took place Lincoln’s Plan cont.. z Pardon (forgive) all confederates who swear allegiance to the Union z z z This did not include high ranking people in the Confederacy (generals, politicians, POW) States could form their own government if 10% of voting population swore allegiance to the Union This made many people in the North mad because they felt it let the South off the hook Radical Republicans z Radicals Republicans—people from the North who wanted to make Reconstruction difficult for the South z Thaddeus Stevens—Radical Stevens Radical Republican leader in Congress, wanted to punish the South for what they had done Wade--Davis Bill Wade z z z z z Bill designed to counter Lincoln’s Plan Congress would be responsible for Reconstruction Majority (over 50%) in a state would have to swear allegiance to the Union for the state to be readmitted Lincoln killed this bill with a pocket veto Pocket Veto—When Veto When the president ignores a bill passed by Congress (within the last 10 days) the bill will fail Johnson’s Plan z Andrew Johnson became President after Lincoln was killed ((Johnson was a Democrat)) z Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction 1 1. 2. 3. 4. Any state could be readmitted if they declared secession illegal Swear Allegiance to the Union Promise to pay back their debts Pass the 13th Amendment (no slavery) Johnson’s Plan cont.. z z z Very easy terms for the South—within a month every state (but Texas) had passed all the requirements and was sending representatives to Congress Problem—Johnson bl h pardoned d d (forgave) (f ) all ll the h people responsible for causing the war R lt 58 Congressman, Result—58 C 6 Confederate C f d t Cabinet C bi t Members and 4 Confederate Generals were in the new US Congress. Congress Congressional Elections z In 1866 the Radical Republicans won most of the Congressional Seats. z After the election, over 2/3 of Congress was made up of the Republican Party who was opposed to Johnson. z Now Congress could pass a law and then override the Presidential Veto…this started Congressional Reconstruction Congressional Reconstruction z Freedman’ss Bureau Freedman z z Ci il Rights Civil Ri ht Act A t off 1866 z z Gave blacks citizenship and forbade states from passing black codes (laws that limited freedom of black) 14thh Amendment z z Assisted former slaves and free whites in the South (food, schools, hospitals) Gave Civil Rights to all people born or naturalized in the USA (Citizenship). Life, Liberty and Pursuit of Happiness 15th Amendment z z No one can be kept from voting b/c of race or color Helped ensure that Republicans would stay in power Congressional Reconstruction z Reconstruction Act of 1867 z z z z z Abolish all governments created under Li l /J h Lincoln/Johnson Plans Pl Divided the South into 5 military districts Blacks males go the right to vote Must ratify the 14th amendment to be readmitted into the Union Vetoed d by b Johnson—Congress h was able bl to override his veto Response to 1st Reconstruction Acts z Stunned the Southern Whites (how could they y be equal q to the blacks?)) z 20,000 federal troops went to the South to make sure things went as ordered ordered. z Now Congress turned their attention to getting rid of Johnson Tenure of Office Act z Tenure of Office Act z z z Law ppassed byy Congress g to tryy to bait Johnson into doing something illegal. (How to get him out of office) President could not remove any cabinet member without 2/3 Senate vote. Johnson was willing to test this new act and kicked out his Sec. Of War (Stanton) Impeachment z z z Impeachment Bring to trial! Impeachment—Bring House of Reps voted to Impeach Johnson on the following charges 1 Tenure 1. T off Office Offi Act—the A t th problem bl was that th t Stanton St t was appointed by Lincoln, not Johnson, so the law didn’t apply. 2. Radicals accused him of being a disgrace—this was not a crime that could get the president removed Result z The Senate voted 35 to 19 for Johnson to be kicked out of office (1 vote shy of the needed majority) j it ) Election of 1868 z Democrats ran a guy named Seymour z Republicans ran Ulysses S Grant z Grant won z z Almost all of the 500,000 500 000 blacks voted for Grant Radicals decided to pass the 15th amendment d t which hi h said id no one could ld be b kept k t from voting based on race Section 2 Reconstructing the South Problems for the South z Physical Conditions z z z z Economic Conditions z z z Much of the South was destroyed Sherman alone had caused more than 100 million dollars worth of damage to Georgia Buildings, Bridges, Roads and Farms all need to be rebuilt. No property value, Confederate bonds failed, poor S th was forced South f d tto pay for f mostt off the th rebuilding b ildi Human z Over 1/5 of all white men in the South died in the Civil War Scalawags/Carpetbaggers z Scalawags—White Southerners who joined the Republican Party z z z z Wanted W t d the th South S th to t industrialize i d t i li quickly i kl Did not want former slave owners back in power Most were considered traitors by the South Carpetbaggers—Northerners who moved to the South after the war z z z Some were teachers/priest (wanted to help) Some were old soldiers who wanted to live in warmth Most were businessmen who wanted to make money off the ebu d g pprocess ocess in tthee Sout South (so (somee ddishonest) s o est) rebuilding New Freedoms for African Americans (1865(1865-1877) z z z z z Travel---move new places, etc… Re-unite with family/marry Education---more African American Teachers and Schools (80% illiterate b/f Civil War) R li i Religion—Methodist/Baptist M th di t/B ti t Politics---More involved in Politics z z z Hiram Revels Revels—1 1st black Senator 16 Blacks were elected to Congress De-Segregation Laws Economic Problems z Problem: Lots of poor people needed work and many y of the old slave owners needed people to work in their fields z Sharecropping/Tenant Farming – Old Landowners divided their land – Gave each worker land, land seed, seed tools. tools – When the crops were harvested, 2/3 of the profit went back to the landowner Sharecropping z Good z z z Bad z z z Blacks could keep some of what they produce In theory they could save up enough money and buy their own land By the time they harvested crops and paid for the supplies— they were in debt Heavy production hurt the soil—didn soil didn’tt produce enough goods Results—Poor white and black farmers were still in debt…..temporary solution to the problem Section 3 People who opposed Reconstruction z Whites blamed the blacks for many of their pproblems ((economic and social)) – Ku Klux Klan—Began in Tennessee (1866) z Nathaniel Forrest was their leader z Initially tried to prevent blacks from voting z Eventually turned violent z Wanted to make sure that the Republicans lost political power Response to Problems z Force Acts—Act from Congress to lessen the activity/influence of the Klan z z z T Troops would ld supervise i elections l ti Amnesty Act—Gave the right to vote to 160,000 former Confederates Eventually people in the North got sick of Reconstruction and started to allow old leaders to come back b k into i power Weakening of Republicans z North got sick of dealing with problems in the South z Radicals were losing influence over the Republican Party z North didn’t really want full equality in the North z Business in the North wanted a stable governments in the South Grant’s Administration z Grant was honest, people around him were not. z Scandals z z Whiskey Ring Ring—IRS IRS was not taxing whiskey, whiskey govt govt. employees were getting kickbacks from this William Belknap—Sec. Of War that took bribes from merchants in the west Depression of 1873 z Economy was booming after the Civil War z z Manufacturers had to borrow so much moneyy to rebuild the South that the banks could not cover the loans that they were putting out. Major M j Banks B k went bankrupt b k z Result: 3 million workers lost their jobs Election of 1876 z Rutherford B Hayes (Rep) vs. Samuel Tilden (Dem) ( ) z Tilden won the popular vote and was leading the electoral college vote 184 184-165 165. z 20 votes were in dispute (Florida)—Tilden should have gotten those votes and won the presidency. Election of 1876 z z z A special commission was made to investigate the votes in Florida (more Republicans than Democrats on commission) They decided that Hayes won Florida therefore he won the election by 1 vote Democrats were mad—they made a deal with the Republicans. z z z Fed. Troops had to leave the South Give the South money to build railroads Hayes y must have a Southern Democrat in his cabniet Results of Reconstruction z Good – Political and Social Conditions Improved – Blacks could now vote – Didn Didn’tt have to own property to be in government Results cont.. z Bad – Segregation started to appear – Had a hard time rebuilding everything (no $ available) – State funded projects got terrible loans from government – High taxes kept farmers in debt – Graft—People in the government who took bribes from construction projects White Supremacy z Gradually Southern Whites took control of the government. g z Poor whites had a hard time accepting equality because of the competition for jobs z This led to a variety of political restrictions Political Restrictions z Blacks faced discrimination, especially in the voting process. z z z Literary test—Blacks who voted Republican would get a hard test, blacks who voted Democrat would gget an easyy one ((what is yyour name?)) Poll Taxes—pay $ before they vote Grandfather Clause—a person could fail the literacy and poll taxes and still be allowed to vote if his grandfather had been able to vote (allowed poor whites the opportunity to vote) Separate But Equal? z Jim Crow Laws—laws that established the idea of “separate p but equal” q z z Basically separate blacks and whites in a variety of places (Schools, hospitals, etc) Plessy vs Ferguson—a Supreme Court Decision that said separate but equal was legal; just as long as the facilities were equal.