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® Ethernet, IP, PoE How do you Test? ® Ethernet, IP, PoE How do you Test? Presented by Wendy Thomas IDEAL Networks Schaedler Yesco Expo 2014 2 ® Agenda • • • • • • Basic overview of Ethernet networks What are you trying to test? Transmission Testing vs. Verification Who tests Ethernet cable and why? Overview of IDEAL product range How to pick the right tester 3 ® It’s not enough to install the cable. Networks are way more than just computers. NETWORKS 101 4 ® What is this? • A Cat 5 cable? • How do you know what category it is? • Because it’s a blue cable? • A patch cord? – Yes • An Ethernet cable? – Yes • What is Ethernet? What is Cat 5? Lets discuss. 5 ® Where are networks used? • Vertical markets where there is rapid expansion in network construction – – – – – – – – Financial Healthcare Education Enterprise Retail Government Transportation Data Centers How much do you need to know to work and grow effectively? 6 ® Terms and Definitions STP 10/100 1000 Mb/s Bits Cat 5e Cat 6 Cat 6A Cat 7 Shielded Twisted Pair - cable with a shield around the inner pairs to prevent interference. Rarely used in US except for Cat 6A. Data transmission rates of Ethernet in Mega bits per second. 10 Mb/s is rarely used. Today, every new system is designed for at least 1000 Mb/s. Ethernet Small pieces of information that are grouped into frames or packets before being sent onto the network. Cable rating that supports up to 1,000 Mb/s (1Gb/s) data rate. Certified to 100MHz. Accounts for 45% of sales. IEEE 802.3ab IEEE Standard that defines performance requirements for gigabit Ethernet. Switch IP Address A temporary ID assigned to a device on a network. Used as a source & destination address for data frames. Think of it as a mailing address, they change over time. LAN Local Area Network - a group of Ethernet devices that communicate in a geographical area typically as large as a campus. MAC Address Media Access Controller Address - The permanent hardware ID of a device. Every Ethernet device in the world has a unique MAC. Think of it as a social security number. Mb/s Mega bits per second – the data rate at which devices are communicating on the network. MHz Millions of cycles per second (frequency). Used to describe the different performance ratings of cable systems. Packet A cluster of information that is sent from one device on the network to another. The term is used interchangeably with Frame. TDR PoE Wire map Cable rating that supports up to 1,000 Mb/s (1Gb/s) data rate. Certified to 250MHz. Accounts for 29% of sales. Cable rating that supports 10 Gb/s (10,000 Mb/s) data rate. Certified to 500 MHz. Accounts for <25% of sales. STP Cable that supports 10 Gb/s (10,000 Mb/s) data rate. Certified to 600 MHz. Accounts for <5% of sales. Cat 8 Future cable rating that supports 40 Gb/s data rate. Will be certified to 2,000MHz. Will use UTP or STP. Cable/ Performance ratings for network Connector cable and jacks. Common categories Categories are Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6A, Cat 7. Defined by TIA-568-C standard. Certifier An advanced cable tester that is used to determine cabling meets the performance requirements of TIA568-C standard for Cat 5E, 6, or 6A. Frame Communication protocol "language" networked devices use to communicate. There are different speeds from 10Mb/s to 10Gb/s. Standard defined by IEEE. A cluster of information that is sent from one device on the network to another. Think of it as a bus full of information on the highway. Frames come in different sizes. Power over Ethernet - a way of sending DC power through a network cable to power small devices like phones, wireless access points and cameras. 48V typical. Qualifier Router A basic tester that is supposed to provide information about the quality of network cabling. Currently available products do not explain their measurements nor pass/fail criteria. A devices that manages the passing of data between different LANs or between a LAN and a WAN. When connecting a LAN to the internet it is called a Gateway. Network testers identify the Gateway IP address when connecting to the network. The central component on a LAN that interconnects all of the individual devices to the network. Switches are rated at 100/1000 Mb/s. Time Domain Reflectometer - a method of measuring the distance to opens, shorts or other anomalies on a cable. TIA 568-C / TIA TIA Standard that defines performance requirements 1152-A for Cat 5e/6/6A cable & connectors. Transmission Tester Verifier WAN WAP An advanced tester that is used to determine whether cabling or an active network meets the performance requirements of the IEEE 802.3ab gigabit Ethernet standard. A basic tester that checks the continuity of network cables. Used to make sure connectors are properly terminated. Sometimes measure length. Wide Area Network - a group of LANs that are connected together. The LANs can be near or far from one another Wireless Access Point - a device that allows wireless devices like laptops and tablets to connected to the wired LAN. They are spread throughout a LAN and cabled back to a switch. Basic continuity test of connectors onto a cable. Checks for opens, shorts, miswires and split-pairs. 7 ® Basics of Local Area Networks - LANs • A LAN is a group of devices that communicate with each other through copper cabling, fiber optic cabling or wireless systems. • Ethernet is the “language” that most devices use to communicate. Ethernet communication can be transmitted over copper, fiber and wireless. • Networks are not limited to computers, they have expanded to every system that has communication, control or monitoring functions. 8 ® Basic Cabling Components • Cable - 295 ft. maximum length. • Modular Jacks (RJ45) – Terminated to the cable at each Work Area. • Patch Panel – Termination point in the Telecom Room where all the cabling comes together. Horizontal Cable <295 ft Patch Panel Work Area Outlet – Modular Jacks Telecom Room 9 ® Categories and Data Rates • Cable & connector performance is specified by a Category rating. • What is the network owner paying for? 1. The ability to transmit data from one place to another. 2. A data rate that meets their needs. • 1 gigabit (1000 Mb) is more than enough for most users. • What category of cabling is needed to support 1 Gb/s? Cable Data Rate Rating 10 Mb/s Cat 3 100 Mb/s Cat 5 1 Gb/s Cat 5e Cat 6 10 Gb/s Cat 6A 10 ® Building a Simple Ethernet LAN Cable Installation Phase 1. Pull cable from the Telecom Room to each Work Area or device location. Label the location on each end of the cable. 2. Terminate the cable to the modular jack at the WA and to the patch panel in the TR. If cables aren’t well labeled they may need to be traced with a toner. 3. Test each cable to make sure it is properly terminated. 4. It all starts with the cable 11 ® Termination Color Codes • An RJ45 jack or plug can be terminated with one of two color codes: T568A or T568B. • These are sometimes confused with the TIA-568-A/B/C standard. – The original 568A color code was defined in the TIA-568-A standard. The 568B color code was later allowed because it was the way AT&T did things. – The TIA-568 standard has been revised and is now in the ‘C’ version. The 568 A/B color codes will remain. • There is no difference other than color. • Whichever is used, it must be used consistently: straight through and at both ends Pay careful attention to labels when terminating jacks. It’s easy to mix up pair orders. 12 ® Wire Map Test • The Wire Map Test is used to detect shorts, opens, and miswires. • It’s the minimum test that should be performed • What specifically does the Wire Map Test do? – Detects any wiring errors – Identify combinations of up to three: opens, shorts, and/or cross-connections – Indicates Opens and/or Shorts (Continuity) – Identifies Split Pairs • Does NOT test performance. 13 ® Reversal • Conductors on one end are reversed from the order at the other end • Can be 1st conductor wired to 2nd slot • Can be all 8: 1-8 2-7 3-6 4-5 etc. 14 ® Open • Usually an open signifies a poor termination, not making contact • Can also be a cleanly cut conductor • Or an over-punched conductor 15 ® Short • Can be a nick exposing bare conductors • Can be 2 conductors in 1 IDC slot on a modular jack • Nail, screw or staple through a cable 16 ® Miswire • Conductors are not in the same order at both ends of the cable 17 ® Split Pair • Conductors are in the same “wrong” order at both ends of the cable. • 2 pairs of conductors are split from each other and mated with conductors from an adjoining pair • Passes continuity but introduces excessive crosstalk causing slow data rates. 18 ® Horizontal Cabling Horizontal Cable <295 ft Patch Panel Must all be same minimum rating Work Area Outlet Telecom Room 19 ® Backbone Cabling • Copper backbone runs are limited to 295 ft. • Fiber optic backbone runs can be 2000 ft. or more. Telecom Room Backbone Link Copper/Fiber – Multi-floor buildings – Extending the reach in large buildings (factories, distribution centers) – Connecting multiple buildings together (campuses) Telecom Room Backbone Link Copper/Fiber • Backbone cabling is used to connect multiple TRs to a central location. • In a LAN there are three typical uses for backbones. Telecom Room Telecom Room 20 ® Why is does testing length matter? • How much cable is behind the wall, left in the box or coiled up in the back of your truck or closet? • Where is the break or short? • Has the cable exceeded the recommended allowed distance for maximum performance? 21 ® Building a Simple Ethernet LAN Networking Equipment 1. An Ethernet switch allows devices to communicate with each other. – 2. 3. 4. Think of it like a power strip for data, many devices sharing a common connection. Use patch cords to connect the patch panel ports to the switch ports (turn them on). Connect PCs and other devices to the Work Area Outlets. Connect a server to host network applications like email, CRM databases or shared files. These two PCs can communicate with each other or with the server via the switch. 22 ® Networking Components • In addition to PCs any number of devices can be connected to a network. • Many switches provide PoE to a device that requests it. • Multiple switches can be connected together to extend the reach beyond 295 ft. • Ethernet is not limited to computer networks – there are multiple other uses that will be discussed. Wireless Access Point Work Station Work Station Switch Work Station IP Camera IP Phone 23 ® What has an IP address? • • • • • • • • Computers and Printers Phones Access Points Lighting PLC and automation Access Control Cameras Websites (i.e. the internet) • • • • • • • • • Electronic Signs A/V Smart Boards Tablets HVAC, Thermostats Vending machines Cash Registers/ATMs Fuel Pumps Kiosks 24 ® Why do you care? What are all these things connected to? Your cable. Who gets blamed first if something’s not connected to the network, can’t reach the internet or has a network issue? 25 ® What is PoE? • Per Wickipedia: PoE refers to a system or standard that allows a single cable to provide both data connection and electrical power to devices such as wireless access points or IP cameras. • Voice over IP Phones • Network or IP Cameras • Wireless or Bluetooth Access Points Why do you care? It’s your cable that transmits the power from the switch to the device. Who will they blame first? 26 ® Where are Networks Testers Used? • Everywhere… Ethernet is not just for PC networks anymore. • Anywhere there are devices communicating, it is likely over Ethernet using Cat 5e/6 or fiber optic cable. • We can test all phases of LAN cabling installation and network management. • IP phone systems • IP CCTV • Automated environmental systems • HVAC/lighting • Audio/video • Electronic signage • Kiosks - ticketing, parking control • Access control card reader and door lock systems 27 ® Common Questions 28 ® What is the difference between MB and Mb? MB = Mega Byte • Mega Byte is a larger unit than a Mega bit (Mb). • 1 MB = 8 Mb • MB (today Gb/s) are usually used when referring to disk storage or memory size. – Your computer may have 64Gb/s (64,000 MB) of memory – Your hard drive may have 500Gb/s (500,000 MB) of storage capacity. Mb = Mega bit • Mega bits are 1/8 the size of a MB. • Mb is usually used when referring to data transmission speeds. • A 1000 Mb/s network transmission speed equals 125 Mb/s. • Downloading a 500MB movie with a 20 Mb/s internet connection will take 3.3 minutes vs 40 seconds on a 20MB/s connection. 29 ® What’s the difference between 10/100/1000 Mb/s • The real benefit is when transferring data inside the LAN. Internet speeds are bottlenecked by the service provider. • If you have a 20 Mb/s internet connection, having a 100 or 1000 Mb/s LAN makes no difference. • Gigabit speeds are helpful in organizations where large files are transferred to users. It also prevents a bottleneck when many users are accessing a server at the same time. 30 ® Why is a TDR so special? • A Time Domain Reflectometer allows a tester to measure the distance to both an open and a short in cabling. • Without a TDR only the distance to an open can be measured, by using capacitance. • How does it work? – Like radar, a TDR sends a pulse of energy into the cable and measures the reflection. – Based on the time delay, the distance to the short can be calculated. – It works just as well to an open. – TDRs need to be calibrated to a cable’s NVP, but even if wrong, the measurement is still close. 31 ® What is the difference between Cat 5e and Cat 6? • They both deliver 1 Gb/s performance. At one time there was a debate about which would be required. • Cat 6 provides extra performance margin that can be helpful with sloppy installations. • On short links, up to about 100 ft., Cat 6 can support 10 Gig, although it is rarely used for that. 32 ® Questions? So if you want to test beyond the cable, what do you need? A cable that passes wire map SHOULD work. How do you prove that it DOES work? 33 ® Application, Use and Function CLASSES OF TESTERS 34 ® Classes of Testers Verifiers Qualifiers Certifiers Transmission Testers Basic Connectivity Testing Basic “Quality” Testing Detailed Analysis & Troubleshooting Performance & Acceptance Testing 35 ® Cable Verifiers VDV / VDV PRO / VDV II • Simple wiremap test for miswire, open, short or split pair. • Some also test length and detect Ethernet or PoE. • Provides no performance information about the cable. • A cable that PASSES a verifier may not be able to support data transmission. – This is true of all VDV/Verifier testers, not just ours. It “should” work. • A report from a Verifier cannot be used to argue network operation on callbacks. 36 ® Cable Qualifiers No IDEAL Equivalent Basic “Quality” Testing • Basic “performance” test with no standard to backup the results. • Our testing of these showed they will pass cables that will not work as indicated. – Passing cables that are too long to work – Claiming 1000Mb will run on a cable that only supports 10Mb (Cat-3) – Giving different results on the same cable • Nobody knows what criteria they are using to Pass or Fail a cable. • Some do offer tests in addition to qualification. – wiremap, length, service detection, PoE 37 ® Cable Certification LanTEK II • Detailed Analysis & Troubleshooting • • • • • Certifies that all electrical properties of the cabling meet the requirements of the ANSI/TIA-568-C cabling standard. Uses RF based measurements to Certify to above standard. A suite of many tests are performed on all pairs of the cabling. Sweeps the full frequency range and measures performance over that range. Measures RF performance of each characteristic against standards for dB headroom vs. specification threshold. Required testing for cable manufacturer warranty. 38 ® Transmission Testers SignalTEK II/CT Performance & Acceptance Testing • Tests against the IEEE 802.3ab Ethernet Standard. • Works by transmitting Ethernet frames (packets) through cable. • Measures actual lost or delayed packets. • Simulates real world traffic on the cable. • Not a frequency base test. • Also known as “Ethernet Certification”. • Can be used to test cable as well as operational networks. • Documents proof of performance. 39 ® Summary of Tester Types • There are four classes of LAN cable testers on the market: Verifiers, Qualifiers, Certifiers and Transmission Testers. • Verifiers do not provide performance data. – A report from a verifier does not guarantee a cable will pass data. • Certifiers and Transmission Testers measure according to recognized standards. – Qualifiers do not test against any performance standard. 40 ® Examples and Comparisons of What Each Test Provides TRANSMISSION TESTING VS VERIFICATION 41 ® Transmission Test Example Copper or Fiber Cable • Data is transmitted bi-directionally across the cable. • The tester counts any dropped frames and compares to the IEEE 802.3ab standard to make a Pass/Fail determination. • This type of test ensures that the cable actually performs as expected. 42 ® Transmission Test Analogy to T&M 95V 120V • SureTEST performs a variety of tests on the circuit. – Voltage drop, conductor impedance, THD, available short circuit current. • All of these tests provide much more useful information than a simple receptacle tester provides. 43 ® Measuring Performance SignalTEK CT/II and SureTEST measure the ability of a system to deliver what the customer expects 44 ® Verification Example Cat 5e/6 Ethernet Cable • Tests the continuity of each conductor from end-to-end. • Checks for termination errors only, no data is transmitted and no other performance information is measured. • Some models may also test length like VDV II Plus/Pro. 45 ® Verifying Continuity Verifiers do nothing more than a continuity test which does not guarantee the cable will support data transmission. What good is a report from a verifier? 46 ® SignalTEK Guarantees Performance • The IEEE Ethernet standard has specific performance requirements – Like the 5% voltage drop recommended limit in the NEC*, the IEEE has a max allowable data drop of 0.000125% for 1Gb/s Ethernet – Both are key performance indicators of the underlying material & workmanship quality • Some qualifiers do ridiculous things to “prove” that data cable is good; – Measure “noise” with undefined P/F criteria – Use unspecified digital signals to imply measurements performed by true Certifiers This is like plugging in a lamp to an electrical outlet and looking at the bulb brightness to calculate voltage drop! • SignalTEK is the only LAN tester that proves cabling meets the IEEE data drop limit by measuring actual data on the cable *Some local jurisdictions may have code requirements for voltage drop 47 ® HOW EASY IS IT TO USE A TESTER? 50 ® Create a New Job Press JOBS on home screen Highlight NEW and press ENTER 51 ® Create a New Job Enter a job name. This is only field required, other optional. Press F2 to save the new Job 52 ® Set OWNER Info Escape to Home screen and press SETUP. Enter on OWNER This information will appear on every report. F2 to save. 53 ® Set Cable Type From Home screen press SETUP then TEST Choose Cable Type and 568A or 568B color code. 54 ® Job and Name Options Pressing JOBS lets user choose where tests are saved. Press NAME to enter test name. Last digits increment. 55 ® Run an Autotest Press AUTOTEST to run a test 56 ® Copy Job to USB Insert a USB drive and press JOBS. Highlight Job to save and press (F3) TO USB. 57 ® Simplicity in Operation • Easy to use, easy to report – If you can use a VDV, you can use SignalTEK CT • Simple configuration • No operator error or wasted time • Simple Pass/Fail results 58 ® Open Report on a PC Insert USB into a PC and navigate to it. Double-click the PDF file to open the report. 59 ® It’s good to prove the cable works: by a documented cable performance test But what about the call that comes in after you’ve left the job, saying something doesn’t work? How do you know what’s wrong? • Is it the cable? • Is it a connectivity issue? • Is it a PoE issue? • Is it a Bandwidth issue? 60 ® SignalTEK CT and SignalTEK II will check the physical cable • IEEE Ethernet Performance Test • Wire Map • Advanced Fault Finding • Which Pin • Which End • Tone • Length • Distance to break • Distance to short To check more than the cable, SignalTEK II is needed 61 SignalTEK II ® SignalTEK II also checks and troubleshoots the active Network – Is the port active? – What is the IP address? – Is there PoE? – Does the network have enough bandwidth? – Do I need to test fiber or check an active fiber port? Just by plugging SignalTEK II into a network port, it tells you lots of stuff. ® Remember the call we got? • • • • Something doesn’t work? Is it the cable? Is it a connectivity issue? Is it a PoE issue? Is it a Bandwidth issue? 63 ® Server can’t connect to camera Does the drop have access to the network? • Assuming you’ve tested the cabling… Ping Response Ping Request Server • Check network connectivity – verify link speed and that an IP address was obtained • Run a ping test to the Server’s IP address. No response means the Server isn’t accessible. • You can also ping the camera itself to see if its online 64 ® Back to our call • • • • Something doesn’t work? Is it the cable? Is it a connectivity issue? Is it a PoE issue? Is it a Bandwidth issue? 65 ® SignalTEK II Detecting PoE is great, but troubleshooting requires a PoE load test The tester acts as a PoE PD (powered device) and requests power from the network, measuring the voltage and current provided. Compare available power to the requirements of your devices. Network Switch w/ PoE Catalyst 3550 SYSTEM RPS STATUS MODE UTIL DUPLEX SPEED 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 ® Final thing to check • • • • Something doesn’t work? Is it the cable? Is it a connectivity issue? Is it a PoE issue? Is it a Bandwidth issue? 67 SignalTEK II ® – – – – Checking the active Network Run a stress test on the network itself Create traffic by application or amount Run that traffic through switches Does the network have enough bandwidth? SignalTEK II has the unique ability to stress test an active network based on amount of traffic calculated using the “Bandwidth Calculator.” Make sure it works while everything’s up and running and before adding more devices: • the network isn’t too slow • dropping packets • crashing. All of which your cable gets blamed for. ® Who Tests & Why NETWORK CABLE TESTING 69 ® Drivers of Cable Testing 1. Good practice, company policy 2. Job requires installation documentation – Requirements may or may not be specific • What tests and reports are needed to fulfill contract requirements? 3. Contractor/Installation company wants protection – Proof of proper installation for callbacks/trouble calls – In recent focus groups we found nearly all test for this reason at a minimum – We also found that majority don’t understand what is being tested. Don’t know difference between types of testers, fall for deceptive marketing & advertising 70 ® Jobs Requiring Documentation What type of test and report is required to meet the job requirements? Job specification requires: TIA-1152A, TIA-568-B.x, 568-C.x standards Warranty or NEXT, Return Loss, Insertion Loss, ACR, Alien Crosstalk, etc. No Yes Contractor can use anything that generates report. Requires a true Certifier that performs a complete Certification test as defined by the TIA-1152A standard. IDEAL Products IDEAL LanTEK II SignalTEK CT, SignalTEK II, LanTEK II. Only other certifiers are the Focus Group Video 71 ® Network Owners & Managers • Need to check network service – PoE devices not powering up – Devices cannot connect to the network – Slow data transfers • Troubleshooting service tickets – Often simple cable damage or disconnected patch cord – Network configuration problems – requires an Ethernet diagnostic tool (NT2, ST2 or LX). • Who does the Network Manager call if they don’t have their own tester? The Cable Guy! 72 ® PRODUCT RANGE AND APPLICATIONS 73 ® IDEAL Networks Test Range Cable & Network Testers LAN Installation Testers Cable Verification Copper Cable Transmission Testing VDV VDV II SignalTEK CT LAN Management Testers Cable + Network Transmission Testing Cable Certification Copper/Copper+Fiber SignalTEK II SignalTEK II FO LanTEK II Network Verification Network Diagnostics NaviTEK II LanXPLORER 74 ® Cable Installation & Troubleshooting Cable Installation Testing & Troubleshooting VDV VDV II SignalTEK CT NaviTEK II SignalTEK II FO LanXPLORER LanTEK II Length to Open Plus TDR Length to Short Pro Pro FO Version Plus & Pro Cable Verification Advanced wiremap Test Fiber Optic Ready Performance Testing to Standards IEEE Cable Transmission Test IEEE Active LAN Transmission Test TIA 568-C Cable Certification Fiber Optic Performance Test FO Version Plus & Pro Flash Switch Link LED (visual trace) Pro Ethernet Service Detection Pro PoE Detection Pro Generates Test Report Tracing & Connectivity Tone Generator (audible trace) Available PoE Watts 75 ® What’s the right tester for you? It might be a $100 wire map tester. But if you want to do more, there are options. 76 ® Questions? Come by IDEAL Booth #114 for a live demo 77 ® Thank you! 78