Download Naming and Classifying Plants

8/19/2012
Naming &
Classifying Plants
AGP 103
Plant Science
• Taxonomy
Plants
• What Is a Plant?
– A Living Thing
– Usually Can Produce Its Own
Food
– Reproduces
– Rarely Is Able to Move Around
– Many Are Green & Have a
Substance Called Chlorophyll
Nomenclature
– Binomial Nomenclature
– Based On Work of
Linnaeus
– Latin Is the Language
– Scientific Names vs.
Common Names
• Ranks
– Plant
– Flowering Plant
– Monocot
– Distinctive Features That Make Plants More
Alike Than Other Plants in the Same Order
Division
Class
– Lily
Order
– Lily
Family
– Allium
Genus
– cepa
Species
Family Designation
• Most Family Names End With –aceae
• Family Classification Based On
Reproductive Parts
Kingdom
Binomial
nomenclature
Family
• Family Rosaceae
(Rose Family)
– Apple (Malus)
– Pear (Pyrus)
– Quince (Cydonia)
– Peach (Prunus)
– Strawberry
(Fragaria)
– Blackberry (Rubus)
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Nightshade
Family
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Potato (Solanum)
Tomato (Lycopersicon)
Pepper (Capsicum)
Tobacco (Nicotiana)
Petunia
Many Others
• Species Is Subcategory of Genus
– Composed of Individuals That Resemble One
Another
– Able to Breed among Themselves
– Not Able to Breed With Members of Another Species
• Genus Is Subcategory of Family
– Based On similar Flowers, Roots,
Stems, Buds & Leaves
• Genus Prunus (Stone Fruits)
– Peach (Prunus persica)
– Apricot (Prunus armeniaca)
– Almond (Prunus amygdalus)
– Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus)
– Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium)
– Plum (Prunus domestica)
• Species
• Plants With Distinct Features Inherited by
Seedling Offspring
• Status of a Species Can Often Change,
Based On Scientific Evidence & Opinion
Crassula muscosa aka Watch Chain aka Lizard’s Tail, C. ovata ‘Gollum’, C. ovata
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Family Rosaceae
Genus Prunus
Species persica
The Peach Is Known
Around the World as
Prunus persica
Other Taxonomic Classifications
• Variety
– Found in Nature
– Can Be Grown From Seed
• Cultivar
– Variety Developed by Plant Breeders
– Usually Propagated Vegetatively by Stem Cuttings or
Dividing
• Clone
– Originates From Single Plant Specimen
– Maintained in Cultivation by Vegetative Propagation
– All Clones From Parent Plant Exactly Alike
– All Clones From Parent Plant Identical to Parent
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Basic Rules of Nomenclature
• Genus Name Always Begins With Capital
Letter
• Formally Would Be Underlined if HandWritten or Italicized in Print
• Specific Epithet Begins With a Lowercase
Letter
• Occasionally Genus Is Known But Exact
Species Is Not
Deciphering the Nomenclature
Names That Refer to Leaves?
Macro vs. Micro
Flora Is Latin For Flower
Grand Means Big
Shapes or Growing Habits of Plants Might Be
Described
• Names May Be Based On Color
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Plant Identification Keys
• Keying Plants
• Process of Elimination
• Make Yes or No Decisions to
Characteristics Offered in a Key
• Reject Characteristics That Do Not Apply
• Follow Procedure Until Plant to Be
Identified ‘Fits’ Given Set of Plant
Characteristics
Classifying Plants
• How to Group Plants
– Uses
– Class
• Monocot vs. Dicot
– Length of Life Cycle
– Morphology
– Flower, Fruit, Seed Structure
• Angiosperm
– Monocot/Dicot
• Gymnosperm
Plant Life Spans
MONOCOTS
DICOTS
Embryo With single
cotyledon
Embryo With two
cotyledons
Pollen With single furrow
or pore
Pollen With three furrows
or pores
Flower parts in multiples
of three
Flower parts in multiples
of four or five
Major leaf veins parallel
Major leaf veins
reticulated
Stem vacular bundles
scattered
Stem vascular bundles in a
ring
Roots are adventitious
Roots develop From
radicle
• Annual
– Life Cycle Completed in 1 Growing Season or
Cycle
• Biennial
– 2 Growing Seasons
• Perennial
– Can Live > 2 Growing Seasons
Secondary growth
absent
Secondary growth Often
present
http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/teams/art.gnome.org/backgrounds/NATURE-AnotherGrass_1600x1200.jpg
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Morphology
Fruit Structure
• Based On Succulence & Anatomical Features
• Kind of Stem
– Simple
– Herbaceous
– Shrub
– Tree
• Develops From Single Carpel
or Pistil
– Aggregate
• From Single Flower With Many
Pistils
• Stem Growth Form
– Erect
– Decumbent
– Creeping
– Climbing
– Multiple
• Cluster of Many Individual
Flowers in Single Inflorescence
Simple Fleshy Fruits
Simple Fruits
Fleshy Fruits
Drupe–1 Hard & Stony Seed
Berry–Inner Pulp With Seeds
Drupe
Hesperidium
Berry
Pepo
Pome
Tomato
Dry Fruits
Peach
Dehiscent
Indehiscent
Aggregate Fruits
Orange
Apple
Multiple Fruits
Pome–Ovary or Core
Surrounded by
Edible, Fleshy Tissue
• Pepos—Firm Rind, Fleshy Watery Pulp,
Numerous Seeds
Hesperidium–Leathery Rind
With Oils & Parchment-Like
Partitions between Sections
Photos: USDA
Simple Dry Fruits
• Dehiscent
– Breaking Open at Maturity to Release Contents
– Indehiscent—Not Opening at Maturity
Pumpkin
Watermelon
Muskmelon
Photos: USDA
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/terminology/fruit/fruit.html
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Aggregate Fruits
Multiple Fruits
• Derived From Single
Flower With Several or
Many Pistils
• Produce Cluster of Tiny
Fruitlets That Remain On
Single Receptacle
• Derived From Cluster of
Individual Flowers in
Single Inflorescence That
Stay Together
• Fruits Develop Together
Into Single Larger Fruit
http://home-and-garden.webshots.com/photo/1013624147011409188dQGutTILVZ; USDA Photo
Classification by Hardiness
• Cool-Season Plants
• Warm-Season Plants
Classification by Wood or Lack
• Herbaceous Ornamental Plants
– Bedding Plants
– Hanging Baskets
– Herbaceous Perennials
– Cut Flowers
– Houseplants
• Woody Plants
Classification by
Edible/Economic Parts
• Vegetables
– Pods
– Roots
– Bulbs
– Tubers
– Greens
Classification By Type of Crop
• 1/2 of World Cropland
in China, India, Russia
& U.S.
• Europe & South
America Have 1/3
– Shrubs
– Trees
– Vines
– Deciduous vs. Evergreen
– Narrow or Broadleaf
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Vital Crops Worldwide
• What Crops
Feed the
World?
Grain Crops
• Corn #1
– U.S. Produces ½ of World’s
Corn On ¼ of World’s Land
Planted in Corn
– China & Brazil 2nd in
Production
– Most of U.S. Corn for Feed
– Other Parts of World Is Used
as Human Food
• Rice #2
– Main Crop Consumed by More Humans than Corn
& Wheat Combined
– Mainly in Southern, Eastern & Southeastern Asia
– India & China Produce ½ of World’s Rice
Starch Crops
• White Potatoes #4
– Adapted to Similar
Climate as Oats
– Important Food in Many
Northern European
Countries
• Wheat #3
– Ranks 1st in Total Land Area
– Temperate Crop
– Russia, Ukraine & Former Soviet Countries Have
Greatest Acreage
• Other Grain Crops
– Sorghum, Millet, Barley, Oats
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Cassava
Sweet Potatoes
Yams
Plaintain
Oil Crops
• Oilseed, Oil Nut Crops
– Replacing Animal
Oil/Fat Sources
– Soybeans #6
• Other Sources
– Cottonseed, Palm,
Sesame, Canola,
Linseed
Sugar Crops
• Sugarcane
– A Perennial Grass Plant
– Mostly in
Tropical/Subtropical
Areas—in Louisiana &
Florida in U.S.
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Fiber Crops
Tobacco
• China, Brazil, India
• Cotton
– Most Important
Fiber Crop
– Grown in Tropical &
Subtropical Regions
– Russia & China Are
the Major Producers
– U.S. 3rd
– India 4th
– Other Fiber Crops?
http://www.vtmagazine.vt.edu/spring05/news.html
Fruits & Vegetables
• Importance as Human Food?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco#Major_Producers
Crop Production in U.S.
• 3 Main U.S. Agronomic Crops
– Corn
• Mainly in Midwest
– Soybeans
• Mainly in Midwest
– Wheat
• Mainly in Plains States
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