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Transcript
8/19/2012 Naming & Classifying Plants AGP 103 Plant Science • Taxonomy Plants • What Is a Plant? – A Living Thing – Usually Can Produce Its Own Food – Reproduces – Rarely Is Able to Move Around – Many Are Green & Have a Substance Called Chlorophyll Nomenclature – Binomial Nomenclature – Based On Work of Linnaeus – Latin Is the Language – Scientific Names vs. Common Names • Ranks – Plant – Flowering Plant – Monocot – Distinctive Features That Make Plants More Alike Than Other Plants in the Same Order Division Class – Lily Order – Lily Family – Allium Genus – cepa Species Family Designation • Most Family Names End With –aceae • Family Classification Based On Reproductive Parts Kingdom Binomial nomenclature Family • Family Rosaceae (Rose Family) – Apple (Malus) – Pear (Pyrus) – Quince (Cydonia) – Peach (Prunus) – Strawberry (Fragaria) – Blackberry (Rubus) 1 8/19/2012 Nightshade Family • • • • • • Potato (Solanum) Tomato (Lycopersicon) Pepper (Capsicum) Tobacco (Nicotiana) Petunia Many Others • Species Is Subcategory of Genus – Composed of Individuals That Resemble One Another – Able to Breed among Themselves – Not Able to Breed With Members of Another Species • Genus Is Subcategory of Family – Based On similar Flowers, Roots, Stems, Buds & Leaves • Genus Prunus (Stone Fruits) – Peach (Prunus persica) – Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) – Almond (Prunus amygdalus) – Tart Cherry (Prunus cerasus) – Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) – Plum (Prunus domestica) • Species • Plants With Distinct Features Inherited by Seedling Offspring • Status of a Species Can Often Change, Based On Scientific Evidence & Opinion Crassula muscosa aka Watch Chain aka Lizard’s Tail, C. ovata ‘Gollum’, C. ovata • • • • Family Rosaceae Genus Prunus Species persica The Peach Is Known Around the World as Prunus persica Other Taxonomic Classifications • Variety – Found in Nature – Can Be Grown From Seed • Cultivar – Variety Developed by Plant Breeders – Usually Propagated Vegetatively by Stem Cuttings or Dividing • Clone – Originates From Single Plant Specimen – Maintained in Cultivation by Vegetative Propagation – All Clones From Parent Plant Exactly Alike – All Clones From Parent Plant Identical to Parent 2 8/19/2012 Basic Rules of Nomenclature • Genus Name Always Begins With Capital Letter • Formally Would Be Underlined if HandWritten or Italicized in Print • Specific Epithet Begins With a Lowercase Letter • Occasionally Genus Is Known But Exact Species Is Not Deciphering the Nomenclature Names That Refer to Leaves? Macro vs. Micro Flora Is Latin For Flower Grand Means Big Shapes or Growing Habits of Plants Might Be Described • Names May Be Based On Color • • • • • Plant Identification Keys • Keying Plants • Process of Elimination • Make Yes or No Decisions to Characteristics Offered in a Key • Reject Characteristics That Do Not Apply • Follow Procedure Until Plant to Be Identified ‘Fits’ Given Set of Plant Characteristics Classifying Plants • How to Group Plants – Uses – Class • Monocot vs. Dicot – Length of Life Cycle – Morphology – Flower, Fruit, Seed Structure • Angiosperm – Monocot/Dicot • Gymnosperm Plant Life Spans MONOCOTS DICOTS Embryo With single cotyledon Embryo With two cotyledons Pollen With single furrow or pore Pollen With three furrows or pores Flower parts in multiples of three Flower parts in multiples of four or five Major leaf veins parallel Major leaf veins reticulated Stem vacular bundles scattered Stem vascular bundles in a ring Roots are adventitious Roots develop From radicle • Annual – Life Cycle Completed in 1 Growing Season or Cycle • Biennial – 2 Growing Seasons • Perennial – Can Live > 2 Growing Seasons Secondary growth absent Secondary growth Often present http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/GNOME/teams/art.gnome.org/backgrounds/NATURE-AnotherGrass_1600x1200.jpg 3 8/19/2012 Morphology Fruit Structure • Based On Succulence & Anatomical Features • Kind of Stem – Simple – Herbaceous – Shrub – Tree • Develops From Single Carpel or Pistil – Aggregate • From Single Flower With Many Pistils • Stem Growth Form – Erect – Decumbent – Creeping – Climbing – Multiple • Cluster of Many Individual Flowers in Single Inflorescence Simple Fleshy Fruits Simple Fruits Fleshy Fruits Drupe–1 Hard & Stony Seed Berry–Inner Pulp With Seeds Drupe Hesperidium Berry Pepo Pome Tomato Dry Fruits Peach Dehiscent Indehiscent Aggregate Fruits Orange Apple Multiple Fruits Pome–Ovary or Core Surrounded by Edible, Fleshy Tissue • Pepos—Firm Rind, Fleshy Watery Pulp, Numerous Seeds Hesperidium–Leathery Rind With Oils & Parchment-Like Partitions between Sections Photos: USDA Simple Dry Fruits • Dehiscent – Breaking Open at Maturity to Release Contents – Indehiscent—Not Opening at Maturity Pumpkin Watermelon Muskmelon Photos: USDA http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/classes/bio366/terminology/fruit/fruit.html 4 8/19/2012 Aggregate Fruits Multiple Fruits • Derived From Single Flower With Several or Many Pistils • Produce Cluster of Tiny Fruitlets That Remain On Single Receptacle • Derived From Cluster of Individual Flowers in Single Inflorescence That Stay Together • Fruits Develop Together Into Single Larger Fruit http://home-and-garden.webshots.com/photo/1013624147011409188dQGutTILVZ; USDA Photo Classification by Hardiness • Cool-Season Plants • Warm-Season Plants Classification by Wood or Lack • Herbaceous Ornamental Plants – Bedding Plants – Hanging Baskets – Herbaceous Perennials – Cut Flowers – Houseplants • Woody Plants Classification by Edible/Economic Parts • Vegetables – Pods – Roots – Bulbs – Tubers – Greens Classification By Type of Crop • 1/2 of World Cropland in China, India, Russia & U.S. • Europe & South America Have 1/3 – Shrubs – Trees – Vines – Deciduous vs. Evergreen – Narrow or Broadleaf 5 8/19/2012 Vital Crops Worldwide • What Crops Feed the World? Grain Crops • Corn #1 – U.S. Produces ½ of World’s Corn On ¼ of World’s Land Planted in Corn – China & Brazil 2nd in Production – Most of U.S. Corn for Feed – Other Parts of World Is Used as Human Food • Rice #2 – Main Crop Consumed by More Humans than Corn & Wheat Combined – Mainly in Southern, Eastern & Southeastern Asia – India & China Produce ½ of World’s Rice Starch Crops • White Potatoes #4 – Adapted to Similar Climate as Oats – Important Food in Many Northern European Countries • Wheat #3 – Ranks 1st in Total Land Area – Temperate Crop – Russia, Ukraine & Former Soviet Countries Have Greatest Acreage • Other Grain Crops – Sorghum, Millet, Barley, Oats • • • • Cassava Sweet Potatoes Yams Plaintain Oil Crops • Oilseed, Oil Nut Crops – Replacing Animal Oil/Fat Sources – Soybeans #6 • Other Sources – Cottonseed, Palm, Sesame, Canola, Linseed Sugar Crops • Sugarcane – A Perennial Grass Plant – Mostly in Tropical/Subtropical Areas—in Louisiana & Florida in U.S. 6 8/19/2012 Fiber Crops Tobacco • China, Brazil, India • Cotton – Most Important Fiber Crop – Grown in Tropical & Subtropical Regions – Russia & China Are the Major Producers – U.S. 3rd – India 4th – Other Fiber Crops? http://www.vtmagazine.vt.edu/spring05/news.html Fruits & Vegetables • Importance as Human Food? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco#Major_Producers Crop Production in U.S. • 3 Main U.S. Agronomic Crops – Corn • Mainly in Midwest – Soybeans • Mainly in Midwest – Wheat • Mainly in Plains States 7