Download Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga

GETTYSBURG, VICKSBURG,
AND CHATTANOOGA
By Shannon de la Garza
History of the Americas
Mr. Beck
6th Hour
Gettysburg
Key Players
General Robert E. Lee
•  Confederate
•  Led the Army of Northern
Virginia
•  Took the offensive at
Gettysburg
•  Offered to Resign after
Gettysburg •  President Davis declined
Major General George Meade
•  Yankee
•  Took command from General
Joseph Hooker three days
before the battle
•  Provided a strong front which
held off confederate troops for
the first two days of the battle. •  Criticized for letting the
Confederates retreat after the
battle. Major General John Buford
•  Yankee
•  Set the stage for the battle
•  His Calvary healed off
confederate troops before
the battle. •  On the front lines chasing
the Confederates back to
Virginia. John Burns
•  Yankee
•  "The Old Hero of
Gettysburg"
•  Union army told the 67
year old that he was too
old to fight in the army
•  When the fight broke out
he took his musket and
fought in the battle
Major General George Pickett
•  Confederate
•  Commanded a small force
•  Let Pickett's charge
•  Took the most ground for
the confederates during the
battle
•  Heavy losses made the
charge a failure. David Kendlehart
•  Yankee
•  Refused Confederate
demands to send $5,000
or large quantities of
supplies to troops. •  Snuck to Mead's camp to
tell of Confederate
retreat. Jeanie Wade
•  Only civilian casualty of
the battle
•  She and her family
prepared bread for the
Union troops during the
battle
Brig. Gen. Joshua Chamberlain
•  Led the 20th Maine
Infantry
•  Medal of Honor
recipient
General James Longstreet
•  Confederate
•  First served in Mexican
American War
•  Skeptical about the battle
•  Troops from his corps charged
across an open field •  Suffered extreme casualties
•  Spent rest of his life asserting his
opposing Gettysburg The Gettysburg Campaign
•  After the Confederate victory at
Chancellorsville, Virginia, Robert E.
Lee led his army to a second invasion in
the north. •  Goals:
•  Collect supplies
•  Take fighting away from Virginia
•  Threaten Northern cities
•  Weaken the North's resolve
•  Strengthen the peace movement in
the North
The Battle
Day One: July 1, 1863
•  Parts of the armies collide west and north of
Gettysburg •  Brig. Gen. John Buford's cavalry slow confederate
advances
•  Confederate reinforcements arrive and defeat the
Yankees
Day Two: July 2, 1863
•  Union soldiers defend hills and ridges south of Gettysburg •  Confederates wrap around Union troops
•  Lee launches a heavy assault on Union rear
•  Fighting at
•  Devil's Den •  Little Round Top
•  Wheatfield
•  Peach Orchard
•  Cemetery Ridge
Day Two Continued
•  Assaults on •  Culp's Hill
•  East Cemetery Hill
•  Confederates gained ground
•  Yankees still hold strong positions at the end of the
day
Day Three: July 3, 1863
•  Fighting continues on Culp's Hill
•  Calvary battles to the East and South •  Pickett's Charge: 12,000 Confederates charge the
center of Union Blaine on Cemetery Ridge
•  The charge failed
•  Lee's arm retreated to Virginia
Aftermath
•  51,000 soldiers from both armies were killed,
wounded, or captured
•  Lincoln was angry that the army did mor pursue the
confederate troops
•  Northern morale was low after the heavy losses
•  Gettysburg Cemetery and Address
Pickett's Charge
•  Turning point of the battle
•  Attack the center of the Union line
•  18,000 men
•  Confederate loss
Gettysburg Address
"Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty,
and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated,
can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field,
as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and
proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The
brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is
for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so
nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these
honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that
we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the
earth."
-President Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address
Primary Source Analysis
•  Origin: President Lincoln, Gettysburg National Cemetery on
Nov. 19, 1863
•  Purpose: To honor the men who died in the battle of
Gettysburg and also to take advantage of the emotion of his
audience and use it to further their support of the war cause. •  Value: It is a show of how much raw emotion the nation was
feeling at the time and the tragedy of the war. •  Limitation: the speech was written not to inform, but to
inspire the audience. It therefore has little informational value
and tells more of the personal feelings of the nation. Vicksburg
Why Vicksburg?
•  Major river stronghold •  Potential to cut the
confederacy in half
Key Players
Ulysses S. Grant
•  Yankee
•  West Point Graduate
•  Fought in Mexican-American
war
•  Gifted commander and
military strategist •  General in Chief of the
Armies of the U.S
Joseph E. Johnston
•  Confederate
•  West Point Graduate
•  Original commander of
the army of northern
Virginia John C. Pemberton
•  West Point Graduate
•  Branded a traitor
Pre Battle
•  For about a month Grant tried unsuccessfully to take
Vicksburg. •  Previous attempts were blocked. •  After union victory at Bruinsburg, Grant one again
moves inland to Vicksburg •  Pemberton is forced to retreat to Vicksburg. The Battle
•  A strategic masterpiece •  Grant's army crossed the river at the battle of port
Gibson
•  Sent part of his army to capture the Jackson •  Union army was forced to lay siege
•  After 46 days Pemiberton surrendered in July 4,
1863
Aftereffects
•  Mississippi River under
Union control
•  Grant gains respect
•  37,402 total casualties
Chattanooga
Before the Battle
•  Union army defeated at Chickamauga
•  Retreated to Chattanooga •  Lookout mountain is 2000 ft above the Tennessee River valley and was controlled by confederate
troops
•  Allowed cannon fire into Chattanooga and especially on supply boats and trains
•  Union army supplies effectively cut off •  General U.S. Grant ordered construction of a pontoon bridge west of town
•  Bridge gave Union Army access to food and ammunition supplies again
•  Maj. General Joseph Hooker brought 20,000 additional Union troops to area
•  General William T. Sherman brought in 17,000 additional union troops in mid-November
•  Union Army now ready to fight
The Battle
•  Actually two battles:
•  Lookout Mountain
•  Missionary Ridge
•  Nov. 23, 1863
•  Strategic Union victory
•  Confederates driven back The Battle Cont.
•  Nov. 23:
•  Union takes Orchard Knob
•  Nov. 24:
•  Victory at Lookout Mountain
•  Bloody fighting at Craven's house
•  Nov. 25:
•  Union breaks Confederate lines
•  Confederated retreat back to Georgia
Aftereffects
•  Union gained control of the
railroad and steamboat ports
•  Eventually allowed for
Sherman's "March to the Sea"
•  Union: 5,800 casualties
•  Confederate: 6,600 casualties
Key Players
•  Union:
•  Major General George Thomas
•  Major General Joseph Hooker
•  General Ulysses S. Grant
•  General William T. Sherman
•  Confederate
•  General Braxton Bragg
•  General Patrick Cleburne Bibliography
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•  "Battle of Chattanooga." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/battle-of-chattanooga>
•  State. "The Battle of Gettysburg Summary & Facts | Civilwar.org." Civil War Trust: Saving America's Civil War Battlefields. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/gettysburg.html?tab=facts>
•  "The Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln." Abraham Lincoln Online -- Your Source for Lincoln News and Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. <http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/tours/gettytour.htm>
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•  "Maps of Vicksburg, Mississippi (1863) BATTLE AND SIEGE OF VICKSBURG." Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2013. <http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/vicksburg/maps/vicksburgmap.html>.
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