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The Social-Cognitive Perspective Social-Cognitive Perspective Albert Bandura (1925- ) • Perspective stating that understanding personality involves considering the situation and thoughts before, during, and after an event • How do your thoughts, behaviors & environment influence your personality? Social-Cognitive Perspective • Play “The Social-Cognitive Model” (5:43) Segment #27 from Psychology: The Human Experience (5:43). • Albert Bandura explains his theory. • Social-Cognitive Model is used to explain the personality of Nelson Mandela. Social Cognitive differs from Humanistic & Psychoanalytic Perspectives in Three Ways: 1. It relies heavily on experimental findings 2. It emphasizes conscious, self-regulating behavior 3. It emphasizes that our sense of self (personality) can vary, depending on our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a given situation. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Interacting with Our Environment Social Cognitive Perspective Key Terms • Reciprocal determinism - explains personality as the result of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental interactions • Self-efficacy—belief that people have about their ability to meet demands or control aspects of a specific situation Reciprocal Determinism: Three Factors Shape Personality • We develop personality by choosing which environment to be in, which exposes us to certain situations, which in turn leads us make certain choices, which leads us to choose an environment… • An interaction of three factors: – The environment – A person’s experiences & behaviors – Thoughts or cognitions Reciprocal Determinism Self-Efficacy • The sense that one can control the outcome of one’s environment • We develop this in childhood but it continues as a lifelong process. • A person’s cognitive skills, abilities & attitudes create our self-system • We develop new behaviors and strengthen our self-efficacy by observing others and through mastery experiences. • Different from Self-Esteem which is more global – How you feel about yourself in overall. Achievement Motivation • Play “Self-Efficacy” (5:00) Segment #19 from Psychology: The Human Experience. The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Personal Control Internal Locus of Control • The perception that we control our own fate External Locus of Control • The perception that chance, or forces beyond a person’s control, control one’s fate Learned Helplessness • The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated bad events • Martin Seligman studied dogs that were unable to escape a painful stimulus and eventually stopped trying to escape. Learned Helplessness Reciprocal Determinism The Social-Cognitive Perspective: Evaluating the Perspective Evaluation of Social Cognitive Perspective • Well grounded in empirical, laboratory research • However, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions • Ignores the influences of unconscious, emotions, conflicts instead placing responsibility of behavior firmly on ourselves. Freud vs. Bandura on Human Aggression • Freud – Human aggression is a universal unconscious instinct controlled by the superego and restraints of society. • Bandura – All behavior is driven by conscious goals and motives. Aggression is the result of a deliberate, rational choice in a particular situation.