Download CH 18 Classification GR

Name
Class
Date
18 Classification
Changing Ideas About Kingdoms As biologists learned more about the
natural world, they realized that Linnaeus’s two kingdoms, Animalia and
Plantae, did not represent all life.
Researchers found that microorganisms were very different from plants and
animals. They were placed in their own kingdom, called Protista.
Then, yeast, molds, and mushrooms were separated from plants and placed
in their own kingdom, called Fungi.
Because bacteria lack nuclei, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, they were
separated from Protista and placed in another new kingdom, called Monera.
In the 1990s, kingdom Monera was divided into two kingdoms: Eubacteria
and Archaebacteria. The six-kingdom system of classification includes the
kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Genetic analysis revealed that two prokaryotic groups are even more
different from each other, and from Eukaryotes, than previously thought.
This discovery lead to the creation of a new taxon, called the domain. The
domain is a larger, more inclusive category than a kingdom. The three
domain system consists of: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Domain Bacteria corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. Domain Archaea
corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria. Domain Eukarya corresponds
tokingdoms Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, and “Protista.”
Quotations are used for the old kingdom Protista to signify that it is not a
valid clade.
The Tree of All Life The tree of life shows current hypotheses regarding
evolutionary relationships among taxa within the three domains of life.
The domain Bacteria includes unicellular organisms without a nucleus. They
have cell walls containing a substance called peptidoglycan.
The domain Archaea also includes unicellular organisms without a nucleus.
These organisms have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan.
The domain Eukarya includes the four remaining kingdoms: “Protista,”
Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. All members of the domain Eukarya have cells
with a nucleus.
• Most members of the kingdom “Protista,” are unicellular organisms. Some
Protista are photosynthetic; others are heterotrophs.
• Most members of the kingdom Fungi are multicellular, and all members of
this kingdom are heterotrophs with cell walls containing chitin.
• All members of the kingdom Plantae are multicellular and photosynthetic.
Most plants cannot move about, and their cells have cell walls.
• All members of the kingdom Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs. Most
animals can move about, and their cells lack cell walls.
BUILD Vocabulary
A. The chart below shows key terms from the lesson with their definitions. Complete the chart by
writing a strategy to help you remember the meaning of each term. One has been done for you.
Term
Definition
The two-word naming system in which each
organism is given a genus name and species
name
A group of similar orders
A group of similar genera
A group of similar species
The largest and most inclusive group in the
Linnaean classification system
A group of similar classes
BUILD Connections
Levels in Your Life The pyramid below is similar to a pyramid used to show the Linnaean
classification system.
Follow the directions.
1. Think about the different levels of organization in your life—from you as an individual to you
as a resident of the world.
2. Fill in the rest of the pyramid with other “taxa.”
Me
The world
Answer the question.
3. How are the levels in your pyramid similar to the different levels of the Linnaean
classification system?
Linnaean Classification System
Linnaeus developed a system of classification to name and group organisms in a logical manner.
This made it easier to study the many forms of life.
In Linnaeus’s system, there are seven levels: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,
species. Look at the first letter in each word of the sentence “Kids prefer candy over fresh green
spinach.” This will help you to remember the names of the seven levels in the correct order.
The diagram at the right shows how a grizzly bear is
classified in the Linnaean classification system.
Follow the directions.
1. Fill in the names of the taxa. Use the words from the box.
Species
Ursus arctos
kingdom
class
species
phylum
order
genus
family
Ursus
2. Put an X on the highest, or most specific, taxon that
includes the grizzly bear and the red fox.
3. Circle the taxa that include reptiles.
Answer the questions.
4. Using binomial nomenclature, what is the
scientific name of the grizzly bear?
Ursidae
5. To which phylum does the grizzly bear belong?
Carnivora
6. Name one other animal that belongs to the same
class as the grizzly bear.
7. What type of animals belong to the same family
as Ursus arctos?
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Cladograms
Reading Cladograms A cladogram shows evolutionary relationships between species.
Follow the directions.
1. Use blue to color the organisms that have a molted external skeleton.
2. Use red to color the organisms without a molted external skeleton.
3. Circle the point on the cladogram that shows the most recent common ancestor of the crab
and the barnacle.
4. Draw an X at the point on the cladogram that shows the most recent common ancestor of
mollusks and crustaceans.
CLADOGRAM
Crustaceans
Crab
Mollusk
Barnacle
Limpet
Molted external
skeleton
Segmentation
Tiny free-swimming larva
Answer the questions. Circle the correct answers.
5. Which organism, or organisms, shows segmentation?
barnacle
limpet
6. What do all three organisms have in common?
tiny free-swimming larva
molted external skeleton
segmentation
Chapter Review
Use the clues and words to help you write the vocabulary terms from the chapter in the
blanks.
phylum
kingdom
cladogram
1.
is the largest taxon in the Linnaean classification system.
2.
is used to show how different species are related to a common ancestor.
3.
is made up of similar classes.
Answer the following questions.
4. Binomial nomenclature was developed by
.
5. In binomial nomenclature, part of an organism’s scientific name is
A. the name of its phylum.
C. the name of its family.
B. the name of its order.
D. the name of its genus.
6. Draw and label a pyramid to show the order of the different classification groups. Use these
words: species, domain, phylum, order, class, kingdom, family, genus.
7. According to the cladogram below, which two clades include animals that have specialized
shearing teeth? ______________________________________________________________________
Clade Tetrapoda
Amphibians
Clade Amniota
Reptiles
Clade Mammalia
Marsupials
Hair
Four
limbs
Amniotic egg
(egg with
membranes)
Clade Carnivora
Dogs and relatives
Specialized
shearing teeth
Clade Felidae
Cats
Retractable
claws