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RISE OF Silk Road • The road along which western empires contacted and traded with China • Linked Europe and China through trade – Silk and spices – Allowed ideas to spread quickly – Cultural diffusion Rise of Islam • Islam incorporates many Christian and Jewish beliefs and even recognized the contributions made by Moses, Abraham, and Jesus Christ. Mohammad was born in the desert community of Mecca in 570 ad. He was constantly in contact with Monotheistic practicing people. • Shortly before his 40th birthday, Mohammed had a Revelation. This is referred to as the Night of Power when the angel Gabriel told Mohammad he had been chosen to be Allah’s spoken person. Major denominations of Islam are: • Shi’ites-feel that descendents of Mohammad should run the religion and government. 15% • Sunni’s- feel that the community should choose the next leader. 85% Muslims abide by the Five Pillars of Islam. 1. Faith- there is only one God and Mohammed is his prophet 2. Prayer- 5 times a day toward Mecca 3. Alms-Offerings to the poor (women and children: Mohammad was an orphan) 4. Fasting-“Ramadan” month 5. Pilgrimage –Trip to Mecca • Politics and religion are the same to believers of Islam. There is no separation between church and state. • Holy Book: Qur’an • Chapters: 114 are called Suras • • There is no Hierarchy in Islam. Each believer Communes with God. Teachings: • • • • • No idols No Stealing No Lying No Slander No Intoxication (stay in a normal state: drugs and alcohol) • No Pork (includes lard and can not be cooked in it) Philosophy • One God- Allah • Belief in Angles • Mohammad greatest prophet • Day of Judgment- Heaven or 7 Hells Muhammad • ISLAM is the Religion – MUSLIM is the followers of the Religion • MOSQUE is a Muslim church – IMAM is a Muslim religious leader • Merchant from the city of Mecca – Mecca was a city along the Silk Road • Was upset by the morale decay of the polytheists of Mecca – Began to search for meaning Prophet Muhammad • 613 AD: Was visited by Angel Gabriel – Spoke with god and became a Prophet • Preached that polytheists would burn in hell – Gained followers among poor and middle class Exile from Mecca • 622 AD: Muhammad and followers fled Mecca because of violence – Medina became new base • Muhammad built an army • Used his army to attack trade routes going to and from Mecca – Told followers if they fight for him, they will have eternal life after death Qur’an • 629 AD: His followers began to record Muhammad’s words – Qur’an is the holy book of Islam • Muhammad sent his army’s to conquer the Pagan Tribes of Western Arabia – If they refused to convert to Islam they were killed – Massacred the Banu Qurayza Jews Return to Mecca • 630 AD: Muhammad returns to conquer Mecca – Mecca has become the point of Pilgrimage for all Muslims – Any able body Muslim must visit Mecca once in lifetime Caliphate Established • After the death of Muhammad, his followers establish a Caliphate – Caliphate: Islamic state led by supreme religious leader • Umayyads Caliphate- Sunnis • Abbasids Caliphate-Sunnis Abbasids Caliphate • Capital in Baghdad, Iraq • Lots of trade • Absolute Ruler Golden Age of Muslim Culture • Art – Calligraphy: artistic writing – Architecture: temple for god • Algebra and geometry – Navigational technology based on mathematics • Medicine – Their religious devotion to cleanliness allowed them to avoid much of the plague that ravaged Christians Seljuk Turks • Capture Baghdad • Converted to Islam Battle for Spain • Islam fought Christians for control of the Iberian Peninsula • Charles “the Hammer” Martel – Battle of Tours – Christians defeat Muslims ruining their army and stopping the invasion Five Pillars of Islam • • • • Testimony: no other gods before the one Prayer: daily worship Alms: giving to the poor Fasting: during the holy month of Ramadhan not eating from dawn til dusk • Pilgrimage: visit Mecca