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Study Guide
Classical Greek Civilization
700 - 324 BC
 Little is known about the time between 1100 and 750 BC because little to no
_________________ took place, and this is why it is called a _____________.
 Between 750 and 600 BC, many Greeks left the mainland by ship to establish new
_______________ as a reaction to overpopulation, economic problems, and rising political
tensions.
 Also during this time, Greece was marked by widespread ________________.
 By 600 BC most farmers in _________, who were in debt to the land aristocracy, had their
property taken and were turned into ___________ to work their own farms.
Notes:
 Resentment of the ruling ______________ led to _________ seizing power in many city-states.
 These tyrants, meaning "___________________", were not necessarily bad because they forced
the aristocrats from power and built marketplaces, walls, and temples.
 These tyrannies did play a crucial role as a rising distaste for tyrants led to the creation of
__________________________________.
 The ______________________ created the desire among the Greeks to develop a more efficient
and possibly _____________________________, such as __________________________.
Notes:
Athens
 By 700 BC, Athens had become a unified polis.
 In 510 BC, Athenians had deposed their last tyrant and formed a ____________ of five hundred
that supervised foreign affairs, oversaw the treasury, and proposed laws to be _________ on by
an ____________________________________.
 What form of government is this?
 ________________ protected Athenians from someone gaining too much power; the assembly
would vote to __________________ that person, and if a person received 6,000 votes then that
person could not return to Athenian territory for 10 years.
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Notes:
 During the ______________________, the assembly, consisted of around 43,000 males over 18,
which had final authority to pass laws after _______________________.
 Between 461 and 429 BC, Pericles was the __________________________________________,
leading the Athenian democracy, rebuilding Athens, and expanded the Athenian empire abroad.
 This was Athens __________________.
 _____________ had protection under the law, and had some civic responsibilities, such as taxes.
 Everyone except the poorest citizens had at least one _________, and some worked for the state.
Notes:
 The role of the family was to produce and raise good Athenian ______________.
 _______________ in Athens had no formal _______________, but some could read, write, and
play musical instruments.
 Women married between ________________, and owned nothing but their personal items.
 A woman’s _________________ was to have kids to, take care of their family, and keep house.
 Women had to have a _____________________ at all times when _______________________
__________________.
Notes:
Sparta
 Instead of starting new colonies, the Greek city-state of Sparta _______________ its neighbors.
 These conquered peoples became ___________, basically _________ forced to work for Sparta.
 The ______________________________ was an _________________, composed of two kings
and 28 council members over the age of 60.
 Sparta was above all a __________________ with the ______________________ as the central
focus of Spartan life, and all other ________ were frowned upon.
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 For this reason, the Spartans did not leave behind any great works of art, architecture, or
literature like the Athenians did.
Notes:
 Shortly after __________, a mother would bathe her child in wine, and if the child survived it
was ____________________________ by the child's father.
 If the ______________ decided the child was __________________, the baby was __________
____________________.
 ______________________ began military training at ____________, and Spartan girls received
a similar education as boys, with less emphasis on military training.
 Spartan males began ___________________ at age 20, they lived in ________________ even if
married until age 30, and military duty lasted until age ____.
 Spartan ______________ would give their _______ the ___________ with the words "[Return]
With it or [carried] on it."
Notes:
 Spartan ___________ enjoyed _______________________ that was unknown in the rest of the
_______________ world, such as owning property, moving freely in society, and speaking their
mind in public.
 Unlike _________, Spartan girls were fed the same food as their brothers, they were not _____
_______________________ and prevented from going outside, or from competing in _______.
 Rather than being married off at the age of 12 or 13, Spartan law forbade the _______________
until ____________________________.
 Delaying marriage helped ensure the _________________________, and prevent lasting health
problems associated with _______________________.
Notes:
 Spartan women, better _______________________________________, fared a better chance of
reaching ______________________________.
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 The _________________________________ in other Greek cities was ______ years or roughly
10 years below that of men.
 When Spartans died, marked ____________________ were only granted to soldiers who died in
combat during a victorious campaign, and women who died in service or childbirth.
 Because of the practice of __________________, absence of men on campaigns, and ________
______________, _______________________________________, and this almost proved fatal
to their existence.
Notes:
The Greco-Persian Wars
 The Ionian city-states fell to Persia in 550 BC.
 The _________________ helped liberate them in 499 BC, which led the Persian ruler Darius to
seek revenge.
 The Athenians defeated the Persians at the ______________________________, approximately
__________ from Athens in 490 BC.
 From this comes the legend of Pheidippides.
 After Darius’ death in 486 BC, the new Persian monarch, __________, vowed _____________.
 In 480, Xerxes led a force of about 180,000 troops and thousands of warships into Greece.
Notes:
 At the _________________________, a force of 7,000 Greeks delayed the Persian force for two
days, but were ultimately defeated.
 After the Greeks were defeated Thermopylae, the Athenians abandoned their city, which was
_______________________________.
 The ________________________________________ at the Battle of Salamis, and at the Battle
of Plataea by a force of 110,000 Greeks.
 In 478, the Greeks formed the __________________, an alliance of 150 to 173 Greek city-states
under _____________________, whose purpose was to continue fighting the ______________.
Notes:
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 The League's name is derived from its official meeting place, the island of Delos, which was
also the location of the _____________.
 The League liberated virtually all Greek city-states throughout Mediterranean from Persia.
 ___________ began to use the League's navy for its own purposes, and in 454 BC, __________
____________________________, effectively creating an ____________________.
 By 431 BC, Athens' _________________________ of the Delian League prompted the outbreak
of the _________________________, leading to the League being dissolved in 404 BC.
Notes:
Peloponnesian War
 By 431 BC, the majority of the Greek world was divided between ___________________, each
having a very different ____________ that had little or no _____________________________.
 The Athenians were fiercely loyal to their ______________, and Sparta and its allies had grown
weary of the ____________________.
 When war broke out in 431 BC, the Athenians, led by Pericles, intended to stay behind their
walls and receive supplies from their navy.
 Sparta and its allies ___________________, hoping to draw the Athenian army into open battle.
Notes:
 After two years under siege, a _____________ broke out in Athens killing ________________
___________, including Pericles.
 The war lasted another _______ until, in 405 BC, the Athenian ________ was finally destroyed.
 Within a year Athens surrendered, its walls were torn down, its navy disbanded, and its empire
destroyed.
 The war weakened the major Greek states, and for the next 66 years, ______________________
__________ struggled for dominance.
Notes:
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Classical Greek Philosophy
 Besides government, architecture, and military strategies, the Classical Greeks left a legacy of
art, literature, science, and philosophy.
 Philosophy refers to an _________________________, and early philosophers were concerned
with critical and ______________________ about humanity, nature, and the universe.
 Early philosophers tried to ________________________ on the basis of unifying principles.
 The philosopher _________________ taught that the essence of the universe could be found in
music and numbers.
Notes:
 Sophists were traveling teachers who sold their services to the young men of Greece, and
believed it was beyond the reach of the human mind to understand the universe.
 They believed it was more important for individuals to improve themselves, and they also
believed that there was no absolute right or wrong.
 They also believed what was right for one individual might be wrong for another.
 They taught that true wisdom was pursuing one’s own good, and for this reason many people
viewed them as harmful to society.
Notes:
 ___________ (469 - 399 BC), was an ___________________________ who believed that real
knowledge was already in us, and the goal of education should be to _____________________.
 Socrates left ___________________, what is known about him is from the writings of is pupils,
who he taught for __________.
 The _____________________ was a way to teach using _________________ format which led
pupils to figure things out for themselves by using ___________________.
 “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
 What does this mean?
Notes:
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 Following their defeat in the Peloponnesian War, Athenians no longer trusted ______________
____________________.
 Socrates’ __________________________ led to him being accused and convicted of ________
_______________________, and he was sentenced to die by _______________________.
 Socrates’ most famous pupil, ________ (424 - 347 BC), questioned reality asking “how do we
know what is real?”
 He distrusted democracy, believing that men are neither _______________________ so how do
they achieve a government that is.
Notes:
 His ideal government was divided into 3 classes; a philosopher-king who would rule justly, next
warriors for protection, and then everyone else.
 Plato’s most famous pupil, ____________ (384 - 322 BC), believed in analyzing and classifying
things based on ___________________________________.
 He wrote about logic, politics, ethics, poetry, astronomy, geology, biology, and physics; all
science was based on his ideas and writings until the 7th century AD.
 Aristotle knew that there was ________________, but through observing existing governments,
he favored a ______________________________ as the best form for most people.
Notes:
Classical Greek Art
 The standards in art set by the Classical Period has dominated the arts in the Western world.
 The subject matter of the art was the human being, presented as an ____________________.
 The classical art style was based on the ideals of reason, moderation, _____________________
______________.
 Greek sculptors ______________________________________, but rather they _____________
____________.
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 Polyclitus wrote down systematic _________________________________________________,
based on __________________________.
Notes:
The Olympic Games
 Athleticism and competition was admired by the Classical Greeks, and related to the Gods.
 _________________ was a sanctuary in ancient Greece, and was the site of the Olympic Games
in classical times, and date back to 776 BC.
 The first games began as an annual foot race of young women in competition for position of the
priestess for the goddess Hera.
 The ________________________ began in 720 BC, probably by the Spartans, and this was
adopted early on in the Olympics.
Notes:
 Finally, the Olympic Games were suppressed, either between 393 to 435 AD, by Roman
emperors as part of the campaign to impose __________________ as a state religion.
 The Olympic site of Olympia remained until an earthquake destroyed it in the 6th century AD.
 The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, were held in Athens, and it was the first time since 1896
that the games were held in Greece.
Notes:
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