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Getting an A in Science Taking ownership or control of the information learned in class and taking responsibility for your work This means: • Practicing (reviewing, restating, preparing) • Applying (creating, thinking, using) • Planning (studying, completing projects and homework, being prepared-pencils, books) Intro to Physics What is physics? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vYI2NcVsXY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nd4PlvzMsaQ Motion & Forces Chapter 2 Motion What does motion mean? How can we tell if something is in motion? Is this marble in motion? How do you know? How can we provide evidence? Motion Motion: a change in position, measured by distance and time. Frame of Reference • • Determining if an object changes position requires a frame of reference. Frame of reference is the object or point from which movement is determined What is the frame of reference for this video? How do I know the skater is in motion? Frame of Reference Movement is relative to an object that appears stationary Earth is the most common frame of reference Motion of the Marble We can tell if the marble is in motion by measuring its change in position along the ruler (our frame of reference). Right now, the marble is NOT in motion. It is not changing position. How can we get it to change position? How to make things move https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEs9J 2IQIZY Force A force is a push or a pull Forces can affect motion in several ways. Forces can make objects: • Start moving • Move faster • Move slower • Stop moving • Change direction • Change shape What forces are at work… During a rocket launch? Upwards force (thrust) from engines Downwards force from gravity Downwards force (drag) from air resistance What forces are at work… pushing a truck? Forwards force from pushing Backwards force from friction Downwards force from gravity Upwards force from ground. What forces are at work… Kicking a football? Upwards force from kick Downwards force from gravity Fair Backwards force from air friction Fkick Fgrav Friction Friction force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces It depends on the: • types of surfaces • force between the surfaces Friction Friction is greater... between rough surfaces when there’s a greater force between the surfaces (e.g. more weight) How strong is the force? Forces are measured in Newtons https://w ww.youtu be.com/ watch?v =PCxP2 4qj2UQ Wrong kind of force… Measuring Forces that cause motion Units are Newtons (N) Forces are measured using a spring scale or force meter. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =AFu1advEnhw Forces occur in pairs The force pairs can be balanced or unbalanced Balanced Forces Balanced forces cause NO change in motion Balanced forces are equal in size and opposite in direction Balance forces = no motion Unbalanced Forces Unbalanced forces always cause a change in motion, speed, or direction Which way will the boy in the middle be pulled? Unbalanced Forces Causes Motion Adding Forces Subtracting Forces Unbalanced Forces Causes motion Adding Forces 5N Object 5N Notice that all the forces are pointed in the same direction. Hence they add together. Subtracting Forces 10 N =5N 5N • Two forces can subtract to produce a net force in the direction of the larger force. – Negative motion occurs (Slow Down) Unbalanced Forces Causes Motion Subtracting Forces 5N Object 5N Notice that all the forces are unequal and pointed in the opposite direction. Hence they are unbalanced and in opposition to each other – or one partially cancels the other. 5N Which game will result in a winning team? How do you know? Balanced Forces 10N 10N 10N Balanced Push i.e. Pushing a Car 10N Balanced Pull No motion i.e. Tug-of-war No motion Un-Balanced Forces Additive 10N 10N Subtractive 10N 10N 10N Un-Balanced Same Direction i.e. sled Faster motion Un-Balanced Opposite Direction i.e. football tackle Slower motion Why do I care? • Understanding an object’s motion can help you understand how to interact with the world around you. Review of balanced and unbalanced forces https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEJOy bRxclk Stop here Universal Law of Gravitation Mass and gravity have a directly proportional relationship. The distance between the centers of masses of the two objects and gravity have an inversely proportional relationship. Gravity Gravity force of attraction between any two objects in the universe increases as... • mass increases • distance decreases Gravity Who experiences more gravity - the astronaut or the politician? Which exerts more gravity the Earth or the moon? less distance more mass Gravity Would you weigh more on Earth or Jupiter? Jupiter because... greater mass greater gravity greater weight Balanced Forces (Balanced Forces = No Motion) Ground pushes up Gravity pulls down Gravity pulls down on you… The ground pushes back up… THIS KEEPS YOU WHERE YOU ARE! If these football players push on each other equally as hard, will either one move? Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law of Motion An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net or unbalanced force. Two Key Points Newton’s First Law Newton’s First Law of Motion “Law of Inertia” Inertia tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion increases as mass increases Can you explain how this trick works, using newton’s first law of motion? Newton’s Second Law Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. F = ma Newton’s Second Law F a m F = ma F m a F: force (N) m: mass (kg) a: accel (m/s2) 1 N = 1 kg ·m/s2 Calculations What force would be required to accelerate a 40 kg mass by 4 m/s2? GIVEN: WORK: F=? m = 40 kg a = 4 m/s2 F = ma F m a F = (40 kg)(4 m/s2) F = 160 N Calculations A 4.0 kg shotput is thrown with 30 N of force. What is its acceleration? GIVEN: WORK: m = 4.0 kg F = 30 N a=? a=F÷m F m a a = (30 N) ÷ (4.0 kg) a = 7.5 m/s2 ConcepTest Is the following statement true or false? An astronaut has less mass on the moon since the moon exerts a weaker gravitational force. False! Mass does not depend on gravity, weight does. The astronaut has less weight on the moon. Newton’s Third Law Newton’s Third Law of Motion When one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first. Newton’s Third Law Action-Reaction Pairs The hammer exerts a force on the nail to the right. The nail exerts an equal but opposite force on the hammer to the left. Newton’s Third Law Action-Reaction Pairs The rocket exerts a downward force on the exhaust gases. The gases exert an equal but opposite upward force on the rocket. FG FR Newton’s Third Law Action-Reaction Pairs Both objects accelerate. The amount of acceleration depends on the mass of the object and the force applied. Force = mass x acceleration F=ma Small mass more acceleration Large mass less acceleration