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Transcript
Teacher's Notes LIFE IN ANCIENT EGYPT SUMMARY This video is a general introduction to the history and culture of Ancient Egypt. The emphasis is on the day-to-day life of the people. The video shows such activities as the making of flax into linen, winemaking, the production of mud bricks and papyrus, as well as the use of ancient farm implements and methods employed by craftspeople. The video is divided into the following segments: Geography Explores the crucial role of the Nile and its Delta in the origin and growth of Ancient Egyptian civilisation. How techniques of irrigation ultimately created a centralised government. Time Line A diagrammatic history of the major periods of Ancient Egypt (this is shown in greater detail in these notes). Duration: 28 min Years: 6-10 How Do We Know About Ancient Egypt? The evidence of what life was like in Ancient Egypt through archaeological discoveries and burial customs. The significance of Champollian and the cracking of the hieroglyphic code, and the discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb. Mummification The religious importance of conserving the body for the after-life and how this was achieved. Pyramids and Tombs The various stages that led up to the building of the pyramids. Their general design, both interior and exterior. The After-life of the Egyptians Complex religious beliefs. Standing trial before Osiris and eternal after-life. The Pharaoh as God and Ruler The structure of Ancient Egyptian society; conservative and hierarchical. Marriage, Family and Children The importance of the family, the role of women, romantic love and marriage customs. Personal Appearance Style of clothing and the making of linen. The importance of cleanliness, make-up, wigs and jewellery. The Home The making of mud bricks and the construction of a basic dwelling. Design and architecture for the more affluent. Decorations and Furnishings Basic items of furniture to be found in the home. Food The grinding of grain into flour and making bread. What they ate and drank. Crushing grapes and making wine. Social Life and Entertainment Banquets with dancing girls and musicians. Board games, athletics and family hunting expeditions. The Peasants and Agriculture The yearly agricultural cycle. A close look at the tools and methods used in the cultivation of soil, sowing of grain, irrigation and the shaduf, and harvesting. The scribe tallies. Crafts Paintings, sculpture and pottery are the major crafts dealt with. Scribes The essential role of the scribe as official recorder of all transactions. The production of 'paper' from papyrus reeds. Transport The Nile as highway. Religious Life Official state religion and the role of the priest. A brief look at Egyptian gods. Conclusion Many aspects of Egyptian life remain unchanged to this day. CREDITS Producer Linda Blagg Written by: Linda Blagg Consultant/Teachers notes Jenny Lawless, Teacher/Historian (Ancient History) Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 WORK SHEET Name:________________________________________ Geography 1. The valley of the Nile was called the____________ ______________ Land. 2. The Nile was so important because: (a)_______________________________________ (b)_______________________________________ Time Line 3. Old Kingdom dated from_____________________ Middle Kingdom dated from___________________ New Kingdom dated from_____________________ 4. We know about Ancient Egypt from____________ _________________________________________ 5. Ancient Egyptian writing is called: cuneiform hieroglyphics sanskrit 6. The greatest discovery of all was the tomb of _________________________________________ 7. Preserving the dead is called_________________ 8. Pharaohs were buried in_____________________ and______________________________________ The Pharaoh 9. Another word for pharaoh could be_____________ 10.Label the Social Pyramid: (a)______________________________ (b)_____________________________ (c)____________________________ Social Life and Entertainment 20.Forms of entertainment included_______________ _________________ _______________________ ________________ and ______________________ (d)___________________________ Agriculture Marriage/Family 11.Divorce was allowed/not allowed by law. 12.Most people were_____________on their heads. 13.Flax was used to make______________________ 21.The agricultural year began in_________________ 22.Farm tools included the______________________ and ______________________________________ 23.Crops included_____________________________ _____________________ and ________________ The Home 14.Homes were made of _______________________ manufactured from _________________________ and______________________________________ 15.Roofs were made of_______________________ Decorations and Furnishings 16.People sat on______________________________ Crafts 24.Three craftsmen included_____________________ ______________________ and ________________ 25.Pots were made from _______________________ and shaped on a ____________________________ 26.Scribes were important as they could__________ __________________________________________ They wrote on ______________________________ Religion ___________________ and _____________________ 19.The wealthy ate____________________________ Transport 27.The main kind of transport was by_____________ and clothes were stored in____________________ 17.Food was cooked in_________________________ 18.Main foods included_________________________ ____________________ ______________________ 28.Gods were often represented as_______________ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TIME LINE BC 3200 3100 3000 2900 2800 2700 2600 2500 2400 2300 2200 Period EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD OLD KINGDOM FIRST 2100 2000 1900 1800 Dynasty Politics/Trade Dynasty I 3100 - 2890 1. Upper and Lower Egypt united by Menes 2. Captial at Memphis 3. Trade with the Near East 1. Development of hieroglyphic writing 2. Copper tools and weapons used 3. Royal tombs near Memphis and Abydos Dynasty II 2890 - 2686 4. Large irrigation and drainage projects 5. Probably some political strife between Upper and Lower Egypt 4. First known writing on surgery 5. Increased use of stone for building 6. Intricate metal, ivory and wood-work 1. Powerful and strong pharaohs like Djoser, Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure 2. Campaigns against Nubians and Libyans 3. Gold and incense from Africa, copper from Sinai 4. Weakening of pharaoh's absolute power 1. Large-scale building and sculpture in stone eg., Step Pyramid 2. Bent Pyramid, Great Pyramid at Giza and Sphinx built 1. Many kings with short reigns - political chaos 1. Social turmoil - pyramids and tombs ransacked Dynasty 3 c2686 - 2613 Dynasty 4 2613 - 2494 Dynasty 5 2494 - 2345 Dynasty 6 c2345 - 2181 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 3. Rise in importance of Sun-god, Re 4. Famous 'PyramidTexts' written Dynasties INTERMEDIATE KINGDOM 7 - 11 c2181 - 2040 MIDDLE KINGDOM Dynasty 12 c1991 - 1786 1. Re-unification under Theban pharaoh Mentuhotep II 2. Thebes the capital 3. Expansion south to the third Nile Cataract 1. Artistic 'Renaissance' and cultural splendour 2. Development of portraits, literature, temples, sculpture Dynasties 13 - 17 c1786 - 1567 1. Seizure of power by Hyksos kings from the Near East 1. Decline of art standards 2. Decline of traditional culture 1700 1600 Culture/Society SECOND INTERMEDIATE KINGDOM NEW KINGDOM Dynasty 18 c1567 - 1320 Dynasty 19 1320 - 1200 Dynasty 20 1200 - 1085 1. Theban pharaoh Ahmose expels the foreign "Hyksos" 2. The period of strong and influential pharaohs, such as Thutmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, Ramses II 3. The Egyptian 'Empire' reaches its peak 4. Extensive foreign trade 1. 2. 3. 4. Thriving Literature Increased wealth due to trade and military campaigns Hatshepsut as a female pharaoh God Amen at his greatest height - replaced temporarily by Akhenaten 5. Great building projects Teachers' Answers - Work Sheet 1. Black Land 2. Nile a source of wealth; source of water; irrigation; silt; transport. 3. Old Kingdom dates - 3,200 Middle Kingdom dates - 2,000 - 1,700 BC New Kingdom dates - 1,500 - 1,000 BC 4. Burial customs 5. Hieroglyphics 6. Tutankhamen 7. Mummification 8. Mastabas and pyramids 9. King 10.Social Pyramid Pharaoh Nobles Officials Scribes Peasants 11. Allowed 12. Wigs 13. Linen 14. Mudbricks - straw and mud 15. Palm leaves 16. Stools; chests 17. Earthenware ovens 18. Bread, vegetables, fish, wild fowl, beer, wine 19. meat 20. Banquets; musicians; dancing; performing animals; acrobats; games October Hoe and plough Wheat, barley and flax Carpenters, sculptors, painters, potters, etc Mud or clay; wheel Read and write - papyrus Boat Animals 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. Suggestions for Follow-up Activities 1. Research Tasks - either in groups or as individual projects: Mummification; Afterlife; Burial Customs; Clothing; Food; Housing; How were Pyramids built? Individual Kings and Queens; Crafts and Industries; Women's Lives; Children; Diseases and Medicine; Education. 2. Biographyof a Famous Egyptologist OR The Diary of an Archaeologist 3. Creative Writing: 'Indiana Jones and the Lost Tomb'! What do you discover? 4. Empathy: As an Egyptian Nobleman or noblewoman, describe a typical day (using as many historical facts as possible in your re-creation). 5. Model-making - construct 3 dimensional models of tombs, pyramids, houses, shaduf, a village. 6. 'Museum' Display - models of buildings; artifacts; photographic or drawing display. 7. Mock Tomb - using 'wall paintings', decorate your room as if it was a tomb. Students research the themes presented on tomb walls and re-create one - or, create a 'frieze' about the room showing aspects of Egyptian life. Bibliography Generally for Teacher Reference or Senior use. Those marked (j) can be used by Juniors. 1. Allan, T. & Henry, V: "Pharaohs and Pyramids". Time - Traveller Books. Rigby, 1977. London. (j) 2. Bains, J. & Malek, J: "Atlas of Ancient Egypt". Phaidon, 1989. (j) 3. Casson, L: "Ancient Egypt". Great Ages of Man. Time-Life Books, 1969. 4. Hennessy, D. (ed): "Studies in the Near East". Nelson, 1991. 5. Malek, J. & Forman, W: "The Egyptians. In the Shadow of the Pyramids". Golden Press, 1986. 6. Museum Puzzle-Picture Book of "Life in Ancient Egypt". Heritage Books & Longman, 1983. (Excellent for developing Junior activities.) (j) 7. Unstead, R.J. (ed): "See Inside - an Egyptian Town". Kingfisher Books, 1986. 8. Who am I? Students to provide historic 'clues' as to their identity or as an object: 'What am I'? 9. Role Play- to research an historical character and to role play in a variety of settings - eg., Ramses II explains his military campaigns to the court; Amen in the Afterlife; Akhenaten faces the god debate between Hatshepsut and Thutmos III (this activity is especially useful for seniors). Copyright and Orders: 10. Slide Quiz -good revision exercise. What is this object? What does it tell us about Egypt? 11. Burial and Funeral Ritesre-enactment - and, if you're game, find something dead to mummify! 12. Hieroglyphics- provide the alphabet and write names. Canada: UK: USA: New Zealand: CLASSROOM VIDEO (1999) Classroom Video 1/1 Vuko Place Warriewood NSW 2102 Ph: (02) 9913 8700 Fax: (02) 9913 8077 Ph: (604) 523 6677 Fax:(604) 523 6688 Ph: 01454 776670 Fax:01454 776689 Ph: 1 800 665 4121 Fax:1 800 665 2909 Combined Phone and Fax: 09 478 4540 ACN 002 009 618