Download Blood Vessels Circulat.

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A&P Key Terms
20 Blood
Vessels &
Circulation
Blood Vessels Circulat.
Author: OpenStax College
Published 2015
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4. Chapter: A&P Key Terms 20 Blood Vessels & Circulation
1. A&P Key Terms 20 Blood Vessels & Circulation Questions
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abdominal aorta
portion of the aorta inferior to the aortic hiatus and
superior to the common iliac arteries
adrenal artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the
adrenal (suprarenal) glands
adrenal vein
drains the adrenal or suprarenal glands that are
immediately superior to the kidneys; the right adrenal
vein enters the inferior vena cava directly and the left
adrenal vein enters the left renal vein
anaphylactic shock
type of shock that follows a severe allergic reaction and
results from massive vasodilation
angioblasts
stem cells that give rise to blood vessels
angiogenesis
development of new blood vessels from existing vessels
anterior cerebral artery
arises from the internal carotid artery; supplies the
frontal lobe of the cerebrum
anterior communicating artery
anastomosis of the right and left internal carotid
arteries; supplies blood to the brain
anterior tibial artery
branches from the popliteal artery; supplies blood to the
anterior tibial region; becomes the dorsalis
pedis artery
anterior tibial vein
forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near
the tibialis anterior muscle and leads to the
popliteal vein
aorta
largest artery in the body, originating from the left
ventricle and descending to the abdominal region
where it bifurcates into the common iliac arteries at the
level of the fourth lumbar vertebra; arteries
originating from the aorta distribute blood to virtually all
tissues of the body
aortic arch
arc that connects the ascending aorta to the descending
aorta; ends at the intervertebral disk between
the fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae
aortic hiatus
opening in the diaphragm that allows passage of the
thoracic aorta into the abdominal region where it
becomes the abdominal aorta
aortic sinuses
small pockets in the ascending aorta near the aortic
valve that are the locations of the baroreceptors
(stretch receptors) and chemoreceptors that trigger a
reflex that aids in the regulation of vascular
homeostasis
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arterial circle
(also, circle of Willis) anastomosis located at the base of
the brain that ensures continual blood
supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and
vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain
arteriole
(also, resistance vessel) very small artery that leads to
a capillary
arteriovenous anastomosis
short vessel connecting an arteriole directly to a venule
and bypassing the capillary beds
artery
blood vessel that conducts blood away from the heart;
may be a conducting or distributing vessel
ascending aorta
initial portion of the aorta, rising from the left ventricle
for a distance of approximately 5 cm
atrial reflex
mechanism for maintaining vascular homeostasis
involving atrial baroreceptors: if blood is returning
to the right atrium more rapidly than it is being ejected
from the left ventricle, the atrial receptors
will stimulate the cardiovascular centers to increase
sympathetic firing and increase cardiac output
until the situation is reversed; the opposite is also true
axillary artery
continuation of the subclavian artery as it penetrates the
body wall and enters the axillary region;
supplies blood to the region near the head of the
humerus (humeral circumflex arteries); the majority
of the vessel continues into the brachium and becomes
the brachial artery
axillary vein
major vein in the axillary region; drains the upper limb
and becomes the subclavian vein
azygos vein
originates in the lumbar region and passes through the
diaphragm into the thoracic cavity on the right
side of the vertebral column; drains blood from the
intercostal veins, esophageal veins, bronchial
veins, and other veins draining the mediastinal region;
leads to the superior vena cava
basilar artery
formed from the fusion of the two vertebral arteries;
sends branches to the cerebellum, brain stem,
and the posterior cerebral arteries; the main blood
supply to the brain stem
basilic vein
superficial vein of the arm that arises from the palmar
venous arches, intersects with the median
cubital vein, parallels the ulnar vein, and continues into
the upper arm; along with the brachial
vein, it leads to the axillary vein
blood colloidal osmotic pressure
(BCOP) pressure exerted by colloids suspended in
blood within a vessel; a primary determinant is the
presence of plasma proteins
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presence of plasma proteins
blood flow
movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ
that is usually expressed in terms of volume per
unit of time
blood hydrostatic pressure
force blood exerts against the walls of a blood vessel or
heart chamber
blood islands
masses of developing blood vessels and formed
elements from mesodermal cells scattered throughout
the
embryonic disc
blood pressure
force exerted by the blood against the wall of a vessel
or heart chamber; can be described with the
more generic term hydrostatic pressure
brachial artery
continuation of the axillary artery in the brachium;
supplies blood to much of the brachial region;
gives off several smaller branches that provide blood to
the posterior surface of the arm in the region
of the elbow; bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries
at the coronoid fossa
brachial vein
deeper vein of the arm that forms from the radial and
ulnar veins in the lower arm; leads to the axillary vein
brachiocephalic artery
single vessel located on the right side of the body; the
first vessel branching from the aortic arch;
gives rise to the right subclavian artery and the right
common carotid artery; supplies blood to the
head, neck, upper limb, and wall of the thoracic region
brachiocephalic vein
one of a pair of veins that form from a fusion of the
external and internal jugular veins and the
subclavian vein; subclavian, external and internal
jugulars, vertebral, and internal thoracic veins
lead to it; drains the upper thoracic region and flows into
the superior vena cava
bronchial artery
systemic branch from the aorta that provides
oxygenated blood to the lungs in addition to the
pulmonary
circuit
bronchial vein
drains the systemic circulation from the lungs and leads
to the azygos vein
capacitance vessels
veins
capacitance
ability of a vein to distend and store blood
capillary bed
network of 10-100 capillaries connecting arterioles to
venules
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venules
capillary hydrostatic pressure
(CHP) force blood exerts against a capillary
capillary
smallest of blood vessels where physical exchange
occurs between the blood and tissue cells surrounded
by interstitial fluid
cardiogenic shock
type of shock that results from the inability of the heart
to maintain cardiac output
carotid sinuses
small pockets near the base of the internal carotid
arteries that are the locations of the baroreceptors
and chemoreceptors that trigger a reflex that aids in the
regulation of vascular homeostasis
cavernous sinus
enlarged vein that receives blood from most of the other
cerebral veins and the eye socket, and leads
to the petrosal sinus
celiac trunk
(also, celiac artery) major branch of the abdominal
aorta; gives rise to the left gastric artery, the
splenic artery, and the common hepatic artery that
forms the hepatic artery to the liver, the right
gastric artery to the stomach, and the cystic artery to
the gall bladder
cephalic vein
superficial vessel in the upper arm; leads to the axillary
vein
cerebrovascular accident
(CVA) blockage of blood flow to the brain; also called a
stroke
circle of Willis
(also, arterial circle) anastomosis located at the base of
the brain that ensures continual blood
supply; formed from branches of the internal carotid and
vertebral arteries; supplies blood to the brain
circulatory shock
also simply called shock; a life-threatening medical
condition in which the circulatory system is
unable to supply enough blood flow to provide adequate
oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues to
maintain cellular metabolism
common carotid artery
right common carotid artery arises from the
brachiocephalic artery, and the left common carotid
arises
from the aortic arch; gives rise to the external and
internal carotid arteries; supplies the respective
sides of the head and neck
common hepatic artery
branch of the celiac trunk that forms the hepatic artery,
the right gastric artery, and the cystic artery
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common iliac artery
branch of the aorta that leads to the internal and
external iliac arteries
common iliac vein
one of a pair of veins that flows into the inferior vena
cava at the level of L5; the left common
iliac vein drains the sacral region; divides into external
and internal iliac veins near the inferior
portion of the sacroiliac joint
compliance
degree to which a blood vessel can stretch as opposed
to being rigid
continuous capillary
most common type of capillary, found in virtually all
tissues except epithelia and cartilage; contains
very small gaps in the endothelial lining that permit
exchange
cystic artery
branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to
the gall bladder
deep femoral artery
branch of the femoral artery; gives rise to the lateral
circumflex arteries
deep femoral vein
drains blood from the deeper portions of the thigh and
leads to the femoral vein
descending aorta
portion of the aorta that continues downward past the
end of the aortic arch; subdivided into the
thoracic aorta and the abdominal aorta
diastolic pressure
lower number recorded when measuring arterial blood
pressure; represents the minimal value corresponding
to the pressure that remains during ventricular
relaxation
digital arteries
formed from the superficial and deep palmar arches;
supply blood to the digits
digital veins
drain the digits and feed into the palmar arches of the
hand and dorsal venous arch of the foot
dorsal arch
(also, arcuate arch) formed from the anastomosis of the
dorsalis pedis artery and medial and plantar
arteries; branches supply the distal portions of the foot
and digits
dorsal venous arch
drains blood from digital veins and vessels on the
superior surface of the foot
dorsalis pedis artery
forms from the anterior tibial artery; branches
repeatedly to supply blood to the tarsal and dorsal
regions of the foot
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ductus arteriosus
shunt in the fetal pulmonary trunk that diverts
oxygenated blood back to the aorta
ductus venosus
shunt that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetal
liver on its way to the inferior vena cava
elastic artery
(also, conducting artery) artery with abundant elastic
fibers located closer to the heart, which
maintains the pressure gradient and conducts blood to
smaller branches
esophageal artery
branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the
esophagus
esophageal vein
drains the inferior portions of the esophagus and leads
to the azygos vein
external carotid artery
arises from the common carotid artery; supplies blood
to numerous structures within the face, lower
jaw, neck, esophagus, and larynx
external elastic membrane
membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates
the tunica media from the tunica externa; seen in
larger arteries
external iliac artery
branch of the common iliac artery that leaves the body
cavity and becomes a femoral artery; supplies
blood to the lower limbs
external iliac vein
formed when the femoral vein passes into the body
cavity; drains the legs and leads to the common iliac
vein
external jugular vein
one of a pair of major veins located in the superficial
neck region that drains blood from the more
superficial portions of the head, scalp, and cranial
regions, and leads to the subclavian vein
femoral artery
continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes
through the body cavity; divides into several
smaller branches, the lateral deep femoral artery, and
the genicular artery; becomes the popliteal
artery as it passes posterior to the knee
femoral circumflex vein
forms a loop around the femur just inferior to the
trochanters; drains blood from the areas around
the head and neck of the femur; leads to the femoral
vein
femoral vein
drains the upper leg; receives blood from the great
saphenous vein, the deep femoral vein, and the
femoral circumflex vein; becomes the external iliac vein
when it crosses the body wall
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fenestrated capillary
type of capillary with pores or fenestrations in the
endothelium that allow for rapid passage of
certain small materials
fibular vein
drains the muscles and integument near the fibula and
leads to the popliteal vein
filtration
in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material
from a capillary into the interstitial fluid,
moving from an area of higher pressure to lower
pressure
foramen ovale
shunt that directly connects the right and left atria and
helps to divert oxygenated blood from the
fetal pulmonary circuit
genicular artery
branch of the femoral artery; supplies blood to the
region of the knee
gonadal artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the
gonads or reproductive organs; also described as
ovarian arteries or testicular arteries, depending upon
the sex of the individual
gonadal vein
generic term for a vein draining a reproductive organ;
may be either an ovarian vein or a testicular
vein, depending on the sex of the individual
great cerebral vein
receives most of the smaller vessels from the inferior
cerebral veins and leads to the straight sinus
great saphenous vein
prominent surface vessel located on the medial surface
of the leg and thigh; drains the superficial
portions of these areas and leads to the femoral vein
hemangioblasts
embryonic stem cells that appear in the mesoderm and
give rise to both angioblasts and pluripotent stem cells
hemiazygos vein
smaller vein complementary to the azygos vein; drains
the esophageal veins from the esophagus and the
left intercostal veins, and leads to the brachiocephalic
vein via the superior intercostal vein
hepatic artery proper
branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies systemic
blood to the liver
hepatic portal system
specialized circulatory pathway that carries blood from
digestive organs to the liver for processing
before being sent to the systemic circulation
hepatic vein
drains systemic blood from the liver and flows into the
inferior vena cava
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hypertension
chronic and persistent blood pressure measurements of
140/90 mm Hg or above
hypervolemia
abnormally high levels of fluid and blood within the body
hypovolemia
abnormally low levels of fluid and blood within the body
hypovolemic shock
type of circulatory shock caused by excessive loss of
blood volume due to hemorrhage or possibly
dehydration
hypoxia
lack of oxygen supply to the tissues
inferior mesenteric artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the
distal segment of the large intestine and rectum
inferior phrenic artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the
inferior surface of the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
large systemic vein that drains blood from areas largely
inferior to the diaphragm; empties into the
right atrium
intercostal artery
branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the
muscles of the thoracic cavity and vertebral column
intercostal vein
drains the muscles of the thoracic wall and leads to the
azygos vein
internal carotid artery
arises from the common carotid artery and begins with
the carotid sinus; goes through the carotid
canal of the temporal bone to the base of the brain;
combines with branches of the vertebral artery
forming the arterial circle; supplies blood to the brain
internal elastic membrane
membrane composed of elastic fibers that separates
the tunica intima from the tunica media; seen in
larger arteries
internal iliac artery
branch from the common iliac arteries; supplies blood to
the urinary bladder, walls of the pelvis,
external genitalia, and the medial portion of the femoral
region; in females, also provide blood to
the uterus and vagina
internal iliac vein
drains the pelvic organs and integument; formed from
several smaller veins in the region; leads to
the common iliac vein
internal jugular vein
one of a pair of major veins located in the neck region
that passes through the jugular foramen and
canal, flows parallel to the common carotid artery that is
more or less its counterpart; primarily
drains blood from the brain, receives the superficial
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drains blood from the brain, receives the superficial
facial vein, and empties into the subclavian vein
internal thoracic artery
(also, mammary artery) arises from the subclavian
artery; supplies blood to the thymus, pericardium
of the heart, and the anterior chest wall
internal thoracic vein
(also, internal mammary vein) drains the anterior
surface of the chest wall and leads to the
brachiocephalic vein
interstitial fluid colloidal osmotic pressure
(IFCOP) pressure exerted by the colloids within the
interstitial fluid
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
(IFHP) force exerted by the fluid in the tissue spaces
ischemia
insufficient blood flow to the tissues
Korotkoff sounds
noises created by turbulent blood flow through the
vessels
lateral circumflex artery
branch of the deep femoral artery; supplies blood to the
deep muscles of the thigh and the ventral
and lateral regions of the integument
lateral plantar artery
arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries;
supplies blood to the lateral plantar
surfaces of the foot
left gastric artery
branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the
stomach
lumbar arteries
branches of the abdominal aorta; supply blood to the
lumbar region, the abdominal wall, and spinal cord
lumbar veins
drain the lumbar portion of the abdominal wall and
spinal cord; the superior lumbar veins drain into
the azygos vein on the right or the hemiazygos vein on
the left; blood from these vessels is returned
to the superior vena cava rather than the inferior vena
cava
lumen
interior of a tubular structure such as a blood vessel or
a portion of the alimentary canal through
which blood, chyme, or other substances travel
maxillary vein
drains blood from the maxillary region and leads to the
external jugular vein
mean arterial pressure
(MAP) average driving force of blood to the tissues;
approximated by taking diastolic pressure and
adding 1/3 of pulse pressure
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medial plantar artery
arises from the bifurcation of the posterior tibial arteries;
supplies blood to the medial plantar
surfaces of the foot
median antebrachial vein
vein that parallels the ulnar vein but is more medial in
location; intertwines with the palmar venous arches
median cubital vein
superficial vessel located in the antecubital region that
links the cephalic vein to the basilic vein
in the form of a v; a frequent site for a blood draw
median sacral artery
continuation of the aorta into the sacrum
mediastinal artery
branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the
mediastinum
metarteriole
short vessel arising from a terminal arteriole that
branches to supply a capillary bed
microcirculation
blood flow through the capillaries
middle cerebral artery
another branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies
blood to the temporal and parietal lobes of
the cerebrum
middle sacral vein
drains the sacral region and leads to the left common
iliac vein
muscular artery
(also, distributing artery) artery with abundant smooth
muscle in the tunica media that branches to
distribute blood to the arteriole network
myogenic response
constriction or dilation in the walls of arterioles in
response to pressures related to blood flow;
reduces high blood flow or increases low blood flow to
help maintain consistent flow to the capillary network
nervi vasorum
small nerve fibers found in arteries and veins that
trigger contraction of the smooth muscle in their walls
net filtration pressure
(NFP) force driving fluid out of the capillary and into the
tissue spaces; equal to the difference of
the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal
osmotic pressure
neurogenic shock
type of shock that occurs with cranial or high spinal
injuries that damage the cardiovascular centers
in the medulla oblongata or the nervous fibers
originating from this region
obstructive shock
type of shock that occurs when a significant portion of
the vascular system is blocked
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occipital sinus
enlarged vein that drains the occipital region near the
falx cerebelli and flows into the left and
right transverse sinuses, and also into the vertebral
veins
ophthalmic artery
branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to
the eyes
ovarian artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the
ovary, uterine (Fallopian) tube, and uterus
ovarian vein
drains the ovary; the right ovarian vein leads to the
inferior vena cava and the left ovarian vein
leads to the left renal vein
palmar arches
superficial and deep arches formed from anastomoses
of the radial and ulnar arteries; supply blood to
the hand and digital arteries
palmar venous arches
drain the hand and digits, and feed into the radial and
ulnar veins
parietal branches
(also, somatic branches) group of arterial branches of
the thoracic aorta; includes those that supply
blood to the thoracic cavity, vertebral column, and the
superior surface of the diaphragm
perfusion
distribution of blood into the capillaries so the tissues
can be supplied
pericardial artery
branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the
pericardium
petrosal sinus
enlarged vein that receives blood from the cavernous
sinus and flows into the internal jugular vein
phrenic vein
drains the diaphragm; the right phrenic vein flows into
the inferior vena cava and the left phrenic
vein leads to the left renal vein
plantar arch
formed from the anastomosis of the dorsalis pedis
artery and medial and plantar arteries; branches
supply the distal portions of the foot and digits
plantar veins
drain the foot and lead to the plantar venous arch
plantar venous arch
formed from the plantar veins; leads to the anterior and
posterior tibial veins through anastomoses
popliteal artery
continuation of the femoral artery posterior to the knee;
branches into the anterior and posterior
tibial arteries
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popliteal vein
continuation of the femoral vein behind the knee; drains
the region behind the knee and forms from
the fusion of the fibular and anterior and posterior tibial
veins
posterior cerebral artery
branch of the basilar artery that forms a portion of the
posterior segment of the arterial circle;
supplies blood to the posterior portion of the cerebrum
and brain stem
posterior communicating artery
branch of the posterior cerebral artery that forms part of
the posterior portion of the arterial
circle; supplies blood to the brain
posterior tibial artery
branch from the popliteal artery that gives rise to the
fibular or peroneal artery; supplies blood to
the posterior tibial region
posterior tibial vein
forms from the dorsal venous arch; drains the area near
the posterior surface of the tibia and leads
to the popliteal vein
precapillary sphincters
circular rings of smooth muscle that surround the
entrance to a capillary and regulate blood flow into
that capillary
pulmonary artery
one of two branches, left and right, that divides off from
the pulmonary trunk and leads to smaller
arterioles and eventually to the pulmonary capillaries
pulmonary circuit
system of blood vessels that provide gas exchange via
a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries
that run from the heart, through the body, and back to
the lungs
pulmonary trunk
single large vessel exiting the right ventricle that divides
to form the right and left pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
two sets of paired vessels, one pair on each side, that
are formed from the small venules leading away
from the pulmonary capillaries that flow into the left
atrium
pulse pressure
difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures
pulse
alternating expansion and recoil of an artery as blood
moves through the vessel; an indicator of heart rate
radial artery
formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels
the radius; gives off smaller branches
until it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the
ulnar artery to form the superficial and
deep palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm
and carpal region
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radial vein
parallels the radius and radial artery; arises from the
palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein
reabsorption
in the cardiovascular system, the movement of material
from the interstitial fluid into the capillaries
renal artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies each kidney
renal vein
largest vein entering the inferior vena cava; drains the
kidneys and leads to the inferior vena cava
resistance
any condition or parameter that slows or counteracts
the flow of blood
respiratory pump
increase in the volume of the thorax during inhalation
that decreases air pressure, enabling venous
blood to flow into the thoracic region, then exhalation
increases pressure, moving blood into the atria
right gastric artery
branch of the common hepatic artery; supplies blood to
the stomach
sepsis
(also, septicemia) organismal-level inflammatory
response to a massive infection
septic shock
(also, blood poisoning) type of shock that follows a
massive infection resulting in organism-wide
inflammation
sigmoid sinuses
enlarged veins that receive blood from the transverse
sinuses; flow through the jugular foramen and
into the internal jugular vein
sinusoid capillary
rarest type of capillary, which has extremely large
intercellular gaps in the basement membrane in
addition to clefts and fenestrations; found in areas such
as the bone marrow and liver where passage
of large molecules occurs
skeletal muscle pump
effect on increasing blood pressure within veins by
compression of the vessel caused by the contraction
of nearby skeletal muscle
small saphenous vein
located on the lateral surface of the leg; drains blood
from the superficial regions of the lower leg
and foot, and leads to the popliteal vein
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff attached to a device that measures
blood pressure
splenic artery
branch of the celiac trunk; supplies blood to the spleen
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straight sinus
enlarged vein that drains blood from the brain; receives
most of the blood from the great cerebral
vein and flows into the left or right transverse sinus
subclavian artery
right subclavian arises from the brachiocephalic artery,
whereas the left subclavian artery arises
from the aortic arch; gives rise to the internal thoracic,
vertebral, and thyrocervical arteries;
supplies blood to the arms, chest, shoulders, back, and
central nervous system
subclavian vein
located deep in the thoracic cavity; becomes the axillary
vein as it enters the axillary region; drains
the axillary and smaller local veins near the scapular
region; leads to the brachiocephalic vein
subscapular vein
drains blood from the subscapular region and leads to
the axillary vein
superior mesenteric artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; supplies blood to the
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum),
the pancreas, and a majority of the large intestine
superior phrenic artery
branch of the thoracic aorta; supplies blood to the
superior surface of the diaphragm
superior sagittal sinus
enlarged vein located midsagittally between the
meningeal and periosteal layers of the dura mater
within the falx cerebri; receives most of the blood
drained from the superior surface of the cerebrum
and leads to the inferior jugular vein and the vertebral
vein
superior vena cava
large systemic vein; drains blood from most areas
superior to the diaphragm; empties into the right atrium
systolic pressure
larger number recorded when measuring arterial blood
pressure; represents the maximum value following
ventricular contraction
temporal vein
drains blood from the temporal region and leads to the
external jugular vein
testicular artery
branch of the abdominal aorta; will ultimately travel
outside the body cavity to the testes and form
one component of the spermatic cord
testicular vein
drains the testes and forms part of the spermatic cord;
the right testicular vein empties directly
into the inferior vena cava and the left testicular vein
empties into the left renal vein
thoracic aorta
portion of the descending aorta superior to the aortic
hiatus
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thoroughfare channel
continuation of the metarteriole that enables blood to
bypass a capillary bed and flow directly into
a venule, creating a vascular shunt
thyrocervical artery
arises from the subclavian artery; supplies blood to the
thyroid, the cervical region, the upper back,
and shoulder
transient ischemic attack
(TIA) temporary loss of neurological function caused by
a brief interruption in blood flow; also known
as a mini-stroke
transverse sinuses
pair of enlarged veins near the lambdoid suture that
drain the occipital, sagittal, and straight
sinuses, and leads to the sigmoid sinuses
trunk
large vessel that gives rise to smaller vessels
tunica externa
(also, tunica adventitia) outermost layer or tunic of a
vessel (except capillaries)
tunica intima
(also, tunica interna) innermost lining or tunic of a
vessel
tunica media
middle layer or tunic of a vessel (except capillaries)
ulnar artery
formed at the bifurcation of the brachial artery; parallels
the ulna; gives off smaller branches until
it reaches the carpal region where it fuses with the
radial artery to form the superficial and deep
palmar arches; supplies blood to the lower arm and
carpal region
ulnar vein
parallels the ulna and ulnar artery; arises from the
palmar venous arches and leads to the brachial vein
umbilical arteries
pair of vessels that runs within the umbilical cord and
carries fetal blood low in oxygen and high in
waste to the placenta for exchange with maternal blood
umbilical vein
single vessel that originates in the placenta and runs
within the umbilical cord, carrying oxygen-and
nutrient-rich blood to the fetal heart
vasa vasorum
small blood vessels located within the walls or tunics of
larger vessels that supply nourishment to
and remove wastes from the cells of the vessels
vascular shock
type of shock that occurs when arterioles lose their
normal muscular tone and dilate dramatically
vascular shunt
continuation of the metarteriole and thoroughfare
channel that allows blood to bypass the capillary
beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous
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beds to flow directly from the arterial to the venous
circulation
vascular tone
contractile state of smooth muscle in a blood vessel
vascular tubes
rudimentary blood vessels in a developing fetus
vasoconstriction
constriction of the smooth muscle of a blood vessel,
resulting in a decreased vascular diameter
vasodilation
relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of a blood
vessel, resulting in an increased vascular diameter
vasomotion
irregular, pulsating flow of blood through capillaries and
related structures
vein
blood vessel that conducts blood toward the heart
venous reserve
volume of blood contained within systemic veins in the
integument, bone marrow, and liver that can be
returned to the heart for circulation, if needed
venule
small vessel leading from the capillaries to veins
vertebral artery
arises from the subclavian artery and passes through
the vertebral foramen through the foramen magnum
to the brain; joins with the internal carotid artery to form
the arterial circle; supplies blood to
the brain and spinal cord
vertebral vein
arises from the base of the brain and the cervical region
of the spinal cord; passes through the
intervertebral foramina in the cervical vertebrae; drains
smaller veins from the cranium, spinal cord,
and vertebrae, and leads to the brachiocephalic vein;
counterpart of the vertebral artery
visceral branches
branches of the descending aorta that supply blood to
the viscera
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