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Events Leading to the Civil War The Nation Breaking Apart Growing Tensions Between North and South Pg. 441 - 445 Cartoons from Adventure Tales of America Controversy Between 1803 (Louisiana Purchase) and 1850 (Mexican Cession) the U.S. gained an enormous amount of land. We needed to decide if the states made from that land would be slave or free. Up till then we had maintained a balance between slave and free states. The expansion of slavery into those territories was causing a lot of concern. How were we going to keep the balance between slave and free states? What method would we use? 1 Two Major Issues That Divided the North and the South a. States Rights 2 South= For States’ Rights (States decide what they are going to do) North= Against States’ Rights (National government decides what the Nation will do) b. Spread of Slavery in the West South=Let territories decide (hoping they’d choose to be slave holding) North=Slavery can not spread to the new territories! Economic Differences Between the North and the South South=Plantation system developed because of mild 3 climate and land that supported Cash Crops. This led to an 4 Agricultural Economy that relied on Slave labor. The South developed into 5 large Plantation farming. The invention of the Cotton Gin meant the South needed a 6 large, cheap labor supply. The Southern dependence on cotton meant that more slaves would be needed. In the West, they primarily had 7 small farms that didn’t require a lot of slave labor. North=Poor soil and short growing seasons made Cash Crops unproductive. The North developed an 9 Industrial Economy. The Northern economy relied on Wage Labor (Paid Workers). Slavery had disappeared in the North because 10 it didn’t fit their economy. 8 Slave Labor Wage Labor Which side was in a better shape to fight a war? North? South? North! Industrial! Even though the North didn’t have slavery… Free Blacks in the North did have more advantages than slaves in the South. They could quit a job they didn’t like and find another. They worked for wages. And they could move when and where they wanted. However, they also faced racism and discrimination. They weren’t paid as well as a white worker doing the same job. The job they wanted might go to a white worker first. When traveling, they had to be careful they weren’t picked up for being a runaway slave. They couldn’t vote or run for government office. They 11 had more rights than slaves but they didn’t have all the rights of American citizenship. Wilmot Proviso - 1846 Wanted to ban slavery in the Mexican Cession territory out West, excluding Texas. Texas already had slavery so they weren’t going to mess with Texas. Congress refused to pass the Proviso. Debate over the Proviso set up a four year battle over slavery. Proviso didn’t pass, led to the creation of the Free-Soil Party. Was the first political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery. Compromise of 1850 From 1846-1850 Congress argued about what to do with all the new territory we had gotten from Mexico. Among the things that were causing the conflict & making it necessary to make another compromise were: 12 a. Admission of CA as a free state b. Slaves being sold in DC (Near our Capital representing Freedom!) c. Utah & New Mexico being admitted as slave states d. Fugitive Slave Laws during this time Men like 13 John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster began looking for things the North and South would agree to compromise on so that we could keep Americans from going to war for awhile longer. 16 Compromise of 1850 ( ^^^ this is #16 ^^^ ) The only way to keep the peace, as they saw it, was to 14 keep the balance between slave and free states in Congress. This meant we had to have a free and a slave state become part of America at the same time. We needed help. 15 Henry Clay was asked to perform another miracle. Remember: He had come up with the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which kept the peace for almost 30 years. Terms of the Compromise of 1850 =Side that liked this provision 17a N S 17a Popular Sovereignty N Fugitive Slave Law was really bad. Slave catchers could come into Northern states and take AA’s back as runaway slaves! Northerners tried to warn blacks to hide when catchers were in town. 17b 17b S The Fugitive Slave Act-1850 ( ^^^ add this name in the margin beside #18 ^^^ ) Law passed in 18 1850 to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves. People accused of being a fugitive could be held without an arrest warrant. No right to trial by jury Instead a federal commissioner ruled on each case. Received 5 dollars for releasing the defendant. Received 10 dollars for returning the slave. “Run, Forrest, run!” Result? That’s why I spent so much time writing those Compromises! The Compromise of 1850 failed to hold the Union together and angered Northerners. However, the compromises were important because they managed to keep both sides satisfied & prevented a permanent split before the Civil War. 19 The Crisis Deepens Pg. 446 - 449 Nullification People in the North were so outraged at being forced to act as slave catchers that they began to talk again about Nullification. This is where 20 a state can refuse to follow a law of Congress within their state boundaries. In 1851, 26 people in Syracuse, New York were arrested, charged and tried for freeing a runaway slave named Jerry who had been arrested under the Fugitive Slave Act. Among the 26 people tried was a U.S. Senator and the former Governor of New York! “Jerry” was hidden in Syracuse for several days until he could safely escape into Canada. The government of Wisconsin went even further and in 1854 officially declared the Fugitive Slave Act to be unconstitutional. One Freedman’s Story Joshua Glover was a slave in Missouri who managed to escape from his master. In 1854, with the help of the Underground Railroad, he made his way north, all the way to Wisconsin. There he found work at a mill in Racine, a community in which anti-slavery sentiment ran high. His former master eventually managed to find out where Glover had taken up residence. Accompanied by two US Marshals, the three of them took Glover by surprise. Thrown into a wagon, he was transported to Milwaukee, where he was thrown in jail. Glover’s abduction was discovered and in no time one hundred or so men landed by boat in Milwaukee. The men marched towards the courthouse and crowds of people began to join their ranks or follow along as spectators. They broke down the doors of the jail and freed Joshua Glover. The Racine County Sheriff arrested Glover’s former slave master and the two US Marshals who had kidnapped him. They were charged with assault and put jail. In the meantime, the Underground Railroad assisted Joshua Glover as he crossed the border into Canada. The United States Supreme court eventually reversed the action of the Wisconsin’s courts. Booth and one other man accused of helping to liberate Joshua Glover were found guilty. Both spent months in jail in addition to having to pay stiff fines. This was the price that was paid for Joshua Glover’s freedom. Rather than being deterred, however, Wisconsin, along with several other states, such as Connecticut (1854), Rhode Island (1854), Massachusetts (1855), Michigan (1855), Maine (1855 and 1857), and Kansas (1858) all went on to pass even more personal liberty legislation designed to neutralize federal enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Untold Story of Nullification: Resisting Slavery by Derek Sheriff 21 Uncle Tom’s Cabin - 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe–Story calling for an end to slavery. North decided: Slavery is horrible, cruel and unacceptable. South felt like it was: Yankee Abolitionist Propaganda=North was lying about slavery 22 23 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Law passed to try to solve the problem of slavery in the Western territory. Political result of K-N Act was that 24 people in the territories could decide for themselves (popular sovereignty) whether their state would allow slavery. Pro-slavery and Anti-slavery 25 people began flooding into Kansas and Nebraska so they could force the state to become what they wanted it to be. Bleeding Kansas”-1854-1857 Allowing Popular Sovereignty (the right to vote) in Kansas & Nebraska led to people rushing into those areas to get the vote to go their way. This caused a 26 small scale civil war in Kansas which lasted for 4 months and caused 200 deaths. 27 “Bleeding Kansas” became the rallying cry for the anti-slavery Northerners and the new political party called the Republicans. Violence in Congress Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a speech attacking the proslavery forces in Kansas. In his speech he picked on A.P. Butler. Preston Brooks, a relative of Butler, heard about Sumner’s speech and attacked him at his desk. He hit Sumner 30 times or more, breaking his cane in the assault. This act became known as “Bleeding Sumner” “Bleeding Sumner” became another rallying cry for the anti-slavery Northerners and the new political party. Tensions in Congress over slavery sometimes turned violent. Free and Slave States/Territories, 1820–1854 Slavery Dominates Politics Pg. 450 - 454 Birth of the Republican Party Formed in 1856 Created by Northerners committed to stop expansion of slavery into the territories. Abraham Lincoln In 1856, Abraham Lincoln joined the Republican party. The Case of Dred Scott-1857 Dred Scott was a slave that sued for his freedom after briefly living with his owner on free soil in the North. Supreme Court said: 29 African Americans were not citizens and could not sue. Slaves were property. This judgment 30 increased the tension between the Northern and Southern states. 28 An Historic Match-Up Vs. Abraham Lincoln Stephen Arnold Douglas Lincoln - Douglas Debates1858 Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglass were running for Senator of Illinois in 1858. They met for a series of debates in 1858 called the Lincoln-Douglass Debates in seven cities, in front of crowds of 12,000. Lincoln’s position was antislavery. He said Slavery was wrong but still legal and it should not be expanded. Protected by the Constitution. Slavery could not be abolished were it existed. Douglass won the election, but Lincoln became nationally famous. 31 32 33 34 35 Why would Lincoln say that? Raid on Harper’s Ferry36 1859 37 Abolitionist John Brown and his followers seized the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. Killed 4 people in the action. 38 Plan=stir up a slave revolt in Virginia and end slavery. It didn’t work, the slaves did not revolt. John Brown was captured, tried, found guilty of murder and executed along with 10 other men 39 Brown became a martyr (hero) in the cause against slavery John Brown’s Body-Popular song sung by Northern Troops Old John Brown’s body lies moldering in the grave, While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save; But tho he lost his life while struggling for the slave, His soul is marching on John Brown was John the Baptist of the Christ we are to see, Christ who of the bondmen shall the Liberator be, And soon thruout the Sunny South the slaves shall all be free, For his soul is marching on. Ye soldiers of Freedom, then strike, while strike ye may, The death blow of oppression in a better time and way, For the dawn of old John Brown has brightened into day, And his soul is marching on Pop Quiz….Which song replaced the “John Brown’s Body” lyrics and became the new most popular song for Union troops? LincoLn’s ELEction and Southern Secession Pg. 455 - 459 The Democratic Party Splits!!! The Election of 1860 Electoral Breakdown 40 The voters in 1860 voted 41 mostly based on which section of the country they lived in. Lincoln repeatedly said he didn’t think the National Government could abolish slavery. He just 42 promised to keep slavery from spreading into the new territories. Those in the North voted for Lincoln, the South voted for Breckinridge and the middle states split between Bell and Douglas. Due to the size of the population in the North and this split, Lincoln won the election. Result? Many Southerners had warned that if Lincoln won, the Southern states would 43 secede, (withdraw from the Union) They argued that the states had voluntarily joined the Union. Consequently, they claimed that the states also had the right to leave the Union. They claimed these reasons for leaving the Union: 44 a) Disagreements over states’ rights issues b) Breakdown of compromises c) Increasing Sectionalism and finally… d) The Election of 1860 Sectionalism 1840-1860 NORTH 1. ________________ ________________ 2. ________________ ________________ 3.________________ 4. ________________ 5. ________________ SOUTH WEST 1.___________________ 1.____________________ 2. ___________________ 2.___________________ ____________________ 3.___________________ 3.____________________ 4.___________________ 4.____________________ 5.____________________ Sectionalism 1840-1860 1. Free Labor ( Paid workers) 2. Poor Soil (short growing season) 3.IndustrialEconomy 4. Strong Federal Government 5. High Tariffs 1. Slavery & Free labor 1.Influenced migration 2. Fertile soil 3. Gold Rush of 1849 4. Unsettled territories 2. Fertile soil (Long growing season) 3. Agricultural economy 4. States Rights 5. Low Tariffs Compromise of 1850 Laws meant to settle problem of slavery; California became free state, new fugitive slave law passed; caused conflict by failing to resolve slavery issue Wilmot Proviso (1846) Bill to outlaw slavery in territories taken from Mexico; caused conflict in Congress between Northerners and Southerners Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) Law to organize Kansas and Nebraska territories; overturned Missouri Compromise; caused violence in Kansas Efforts to avoid Secession Election of 1860 Lincoln elected with support only in free states; caused states in Deep South to decide to secede Southern States Secede South Carolina leads the way. 45 Confederate States of America The states that seceded met in Montgomery, Alabama. They formed the Confederate States of America. The Convention named 46 Jefferson Davis president of the Confederacy. They also drew up a Confederate Constitution that: - Was modeled after the U.S. Constitution - Had a few important differences 47 - Supported States Rights and protected slavery in the Confederacy and any land it would acquire. Another Historic MatchUp Vs. War is on the horizon The American Civil War 1861-1865 48 Fort Sumter- April 12, 1861 Lincoln notified Jefferson Davis (President of the Confederate States of America) that he was sending supplies to the fort. South opened fire on April 12, 1861 and the Union forces, being under-supplied, had to surrender. Result? War had begun! 49 Choosing Sides Border States were very important Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri (why didn’t we mention West Virginia?) These were all slave states bordering free states Keeping Maryland was very important or D.C. would be cut off 24 States in the Union 11 States in the Confederacy 50 Virginia split into two states when the southern half (Virginia) decided to secede. Those in the northern part (West Virginia) wanted to remain with the Union.