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What cell part carries out respiration? What cell part carries out protein synthesis? What is diffusion? What is the role of cell membranes? How are palisade cells adapted for photosynthesis? Role of guard cells? What is a “tissue”? What is an “organ”? Mesophyll tissue? Xylem and phloem? Word equation for photosynthesis? Limiting factors that affect photosynthesis? Describe and explain limiting factors graph? How can you artificially create the best conditions for farming? How do plants use the glucose from photosynthesis? What factors affect where organisms live (distribution)? Mitochondrion Ribosomes “The gradual movement of particles from places where there are lots of them to places where there are fewer of them”. They have a clever structure that allows some materials to pass in and out of the cell. - Lots of chloroplasts - Tall (large surface area) - Thin: loads can be packed in leaf -Found at top of the leaf where most photosynthesis happens Open and close pores to control the amount of water lost by the plant A group of similar cells that work together to perform a certain function. It can include more than 1 type of cell A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function Carries out photosynthesis Transport: Xylem = water Phloem = sucrose and water sunlight carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen chlorophyll Temperature CO2 Light -While the rate of photosynthesis is increasing the factor in question is limiting -When the line for rate levels off then another factor must be limiting -There will come a point where it is not possible for the rate to go any faster and the graph will level off. -Greenhouses trap sun’s heat and offers protection from disease and pests -Heaters can be used in Winter - Artificial light for photosynthesis - Respiration - Making cell walls (glucose converted into cellulose - Making proteins - Stored in seeds - Stored as starch - Temperature - Water availability - Oxygen and Carbon dioxide availability How can we use a quadrat to study the distribution of small organisms? How can we use transects to study the distribution of organisms along a line? What are enzymes? Which enzyme breaks down…? -fat -protein -carbohydrate How do enzymes work? What factors affect enzyme action? What name do we give to the temperature at which the enzyme works best? What term do we use to describe the enzyme when its active site has been damaged by high temperature or extreme pH? What is respiration? What is the formula for aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration? What is “oxygen debt”? What are the effects of exercise? 1) Place quadrat on ground at a random point 2) Count all the organisms within the quadrat 3) repeat steps 1 and 2 as many times as you can 4) Work out the mean number of organisms per quadrat 5) Repeat steps 1-4 in a second area 6) Compare the 2 means 1) Mark out a line 2) Put quadrats along the line 3) Counts all the organisms in each quadrat 4) Compare the numbers at each point along the line -Biological catalysts -Made of protein (long chains of amino acids) -(coded for by DNA) -fat = lipase -protein = protease -carbohydrate = carbohydrase (e.g. amylase) They collide with a substrate which fits into the enzyme’s active site. The reaction now takes place more rapidly and the products are released. The enzyme is free to work again. -Temperature -pH -Concentration of the enzyme -Concentration of the substrate Optimum Denatured A chemical reaction that happens in all cells to release energy. Glucose = oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) Glucose → energy + lactic acid Lactic acid builds up in the muscle and causes fatigue. You have to “repay” the oxygen that did not get to your muscles in time- so you have to keep breathing heavily after you stop exercising. Increased heart rate (faster blood flow brings oxygen and removes CO2 quicker) Faster, deeper breaths take in more O2 + removes more CO2 How do organisms use the energy released in respiration? How are enzymes used in biological detergents? Are there any problems with using enzymes in washing powder? What is Mitosis? What is meiosis? What are stem cells What are the sex chromosomes? Which ones do girls/boys have? What is a gene? How does the gene code work? What are different versions of a particular gene type called? Which type of allele only requires 1 copy to be inherited for you to display the trait? Which type of allele requires that 2 copies be inherited for you to display the trait? A flower has 2 alleles for the colour gene: Red (R)and WHITE (r) Explain the diagram: -Building large molecules from smaller 1s -Muscle contraction (in animals) -Thermoregulation (In mammals/ birds) -Active transport Proteases and lipases break down stains that contain protein and fat. This means clothes can be effectively cleaned at a lower temperature. -They need to be kept below 45°C (why?) -Enzymes can be expensive to produce using microbes Mitosis: -asexual reproduction/growth -2 cells produced -identical copies (clones) produced Meiosis: -sexual reproduction -gametes produced -4 cells produced -new cells have ½ the number of chromosomes -Undifferentiated cells (not specialised) -Can divide to produce other types of specialised cells -Can be used to treat serious disease and produce new organs The pair of chromosomes that control gender BOYS: XY GIRLS:XX A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein (characteristic) -DNA consists of bases -Triplets of DNA bases code for 1 amino acid -Amino acids join together to form proteins Alleles A dominant allele A recessive allele -Both parent flowers are RED (R) as they have 1 copy of the dominant R allele. -Offspring could inherit either of each parents’ alleles for colour -There is a 75% chance the offspring will be RED (RR or Rr) -There is a 25% chance the offspring will be WHITE (rr) What is cystic fibrosis? What is Polydactyly? What are fossils? How are fossils useful? Why do organisms go extinct? How does speciation happen? -A genetic disease caused by a faulty recessive allele -You need to inherit 2 copies of the allele to get the disease -The disease affects cell membranes -Causing thick sticky mucus in the lungs and gut -If you inherit 1 copy of the allele you are a carrier -A condition caused by a faulty dominant allele -You only need 1 copy of the allele to get the disease -The disease affects the number of digits on your hands and feet -If you inherit 1 copy of the allele will get the condition - Plant and animal remains - from gradual replacement by minerals - From casts and impressions - from preservation where no decay happens They provide evidence about how living things have evolved - The environment changes too quickly - A new predator kills them all - A new disease kills them all - A catastrophic event kills them all - A new species develops (speciation) 1) Populations of a species are separated 2) Conditions on either side of the barrier are significantly different 3) Natural selection takes place and better adapted organisms survive and reproduce in the 2 populations 4) Over time differences build up so populations can no longer interbreed