Download What cell part carries out respiration? Mitochondrion What cell part

What cell part carries out respiration?
What cell part carries out protein synthesis?
What is diffusion?
What is the role of cell membranes?
How are palisade cells adapted for
photosynthesis?
Role of guard cells?
What is a “tissue”?
What is an “organ”?
Mesophyll tissue?
Xylem and phloem?
Word equation for photosynthesis?
Limiting factors that affect photosynthesis?
Describe and explain limiting factors graph?
How can you artificially create the best
conditions for farming?
How do plants use the glucose from
photosynthesis?
What factors affect where organisms live
(distribution)?
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
“The gradual movement of particles from
places where there are lots of them to places
where there are fewer of them”.
They have a clever structure that allows
some materials to pass in and out of the cell.
- Lots of chloroplasts
- Tall (large surface area)
- Thin: loads can be packed in leaf
-Found at top of the leaf where most
photosynthesis happens
Open and close pores to control the amount
of water lost by the plant
A group of similar cells that work together to
perform a certain function. It can include
more than 1 type of cell
A group of different tissues that work
together to perform a certain function
Carries out photosynthesis
Transport:
Xylem = water
Phloem = sucrose and water
sunlight
carbon dioxide + water → glucose +
oxygen
chlorophyll
Temperature
CO2
Light
-While the rate of photosynthesis is
increasing the factor in question is limiting
-When the line for rate levels off then
another factor must be limiting
-There will come a point where it is not
possible for the rate to go any faster and the
graph will level off.
-Greenhouses trap sun’s heat and offers
protection from disease and pests
-Heaters can be used in Winter
- Artificial light for photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Making cell walls (glucose converted into
cellulose
- Making proteins
- Stored in seeds
- Stored as starch
- Temperature
- Water availability
- Oxygen and Carbon dioxide availability
How can we use a quadrat to study the
distribution of small organisms?
How can we use transects to study the
distribution of organisms along a line?
What are enzymes?
Which enzyme breaks down…?
-fat
-protein
-carbohydrate
How do enzymes work?
What factors affect enzyme action?
What name do we give to the temperature at
which the enzyme works best?
What term do we use to describe the
enzyme when its active site has been
damaged by high temperature or extreme
pH?
What is respiration?
What is the formula for aerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration?
What is “oxygen debt”?
What are the effects of exercise?
1) Place quadrat on ground at a random
point
2) Count all the organisms within the quadrat
3) repeat steps 1 and 2 as many times as you
can
4) Work out the mean number of organisms
per quadrat
5) Repeat steps 1-4 in a second area
6) Compare the 2 means
1) Mark out a line
2) Put quadrats along the line
3) Counts all the organisms in each quadrat
4) Compare the numbers at each point along
the line
-Biological catalysts
-Made of protein (long chains of amino acids)
-(coded for by DNA)
-fat = lipase
-protein = protease
-carbohydrate = carbohydrase (e.g. amylase)
They collide with a substrate which fits into
the enzyme’s active site. The reaction now
takes place more rapidly and the products
are released. The enzyme is free to work
again.
-Temperature
-pH
-Concentration of the enzyme
-Concentration of the substrate
Optimum
Denatured
A chemical reaction that happens in all cells
to release energy.
Glucose = oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
(+ energy)
Glucose → energy + lactic acid
Lactic acid builds up in the muscle and causes
fatigue.
You have to “repay” the oxygen that did not
get to your muscles in time- so you have to
keep breathing heavily after you stop
exercising.
Increased heart rate (faster blood flow brings
oxygen and removes CO2 quicker)
Faster, deeper breaths take in more O2 +
removes more CO2
How do organisms use the energy released in
respiration?
How are enzymes used in biological
detergents?
Are there any problems with using enzymes
in washing powder?
What is Mitosis?
What is meiosis?
What are stem cells
What are the sex chromosomes?
Which ones do girls/boys have?
What is a gene?
How does the gene code work?
What are different versions of a particular
gene type called?
Which type of allele only requires 1 copy to
be inherited for you to display the trait?
Which type of allele requires that 2 copies be
inherited for you to display the trait?
A flower has 2 alleles for the colour gene:
Red (R)and WHITE (r) Explain the diagram:
-Building large molecules from smaller 1s
-Muscle contraction (in animals)
-Thermoregulation (In mammals/ birds)
-Active transport
Proteases and lipases break down stains that
contain protein and fat.
This means clothes can be effectively cleaned
at a lower temperature.
-They need to be kept below 45°C (why?)
-Enzymes can be expensive to produce using
microbes
Mitosis:
-asexual reproduction/growth
-2 cells produced
-identical copies (clones) produced
Meiosis:
-sexual reproduction
-gametes produced
-4 cells produced
-new cells have ½ the number of
chromosomes
-Undifferentiated cells (not specialised)
-Can divide to produce other types of
specialised cells
-Can be used to treat serious disease and
produce new organs
The pair of chromosomes that control
gender
BOYS: XY
GIRLS:XX
A section of DNA that codes for a specific
protein (characteristic)
-DNA consists of bases
-Triplets of DNA bases code for 1 amino acid
-Amino acids join together to form proteins
Alleles
A dominant allele
A recessive allele
-Both parent flowers are RED (R) as they
have 1 copy of the dominant R allele.
-Offspring could inherit either of each
parents’ alleles for colour
-There is a 75% chance the offspring will be
RED (RR or Rr)
-There is a 25% chance the offspring will be
WHITE (rr)
What is cystic fibrosis?
What is Polydactyly?
What are fossils?
How are fossils useful?
Why do organisms go extinct?
How does speciation happen?
-A genetic disease caused by a faulty
recessive allele
-You need to inherit 2 copies of the allele to
get the disease
-The disease affects cell membranes
-Causing thick sticky mucus in the lungs and
gut
-If you inherit 1 copy of the allele you are a
carrier
-A condition caused by a faulty dominant
allele
-You only need 1 copy of the allele to get the
disease
-The disease affects the number of digits on
your hands and feet
-If you inherit 1 copy of the allele will get the
condition
- Plant and animal remains
- from gradual replacement by minerals
- From casts and impressions
- from preservation where no decay happens
They provide evidence about how living
things have evolved
- The environment changes too quickly
- A new predator kills them all
- A new disease kills them all
- A catastrophic event kills them all
- A new species develops (speciation)
1) Populations of a species are separated
2) Conditions on either side of the barrier
are significantly different
3) Natural selection takes place and better
adapted organisms survive and reproduce in
the 2 populations
4) Over time differences build up so
populations can no longer interbreed