Download Social

Dalya Ackerman
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P4
Packet B
Theme 5, Social: Three Classes of Babylonia
There were three classes of Babylonia: the free, landowning class, the class of
dependant farmers and artisans, and the class of slaves. The free, landowning class lived
primarily in the cities. This class included the royalty, the high-ranking officials, the warriors, the
priests, the merchants, and some wealthy artisans and shopkeepers. The legal attachment of
the class of dependant farmers and artisans to royal, religious, or private estates made them
the primary rural work force. The class of slaves was primarily employed in domestic service.
.
Ayesha Bakshi
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History / Period 4
Packet B
Theme 5 - Social: Three Classes of Babylonia
Babylonia was in southern Mesopotamia and had links to culture from the
Sumerians. The Babylonians were very artistic, had literature, and a legal system with
social classes of division. The three classes in the Babylonian Social Hierarchy are
Awilu, Mushkenu, and Wardy. The social structure had (from most to least powerful) the
king, aristocrats, free citizens and service me, and at the bottom had slaves.
The first class in the Babylonian class system is Awilu was considered the “top
most class in the social hierarchy of ancient Babylonia.” The people in Awilu were very
rich and were very rich in Hammurabi’s code, as well. The next class in the system was
Mushkenu and was the second class. They were also considered “free men”, but there
were some problem for the people in Mushkenu. An example could be like, having a
punishment as slavery. The last class in the Babylonian social hierarchy was called the
Wardu. They had hard lives, because they mostly went to war. Another situation in the
class is that men can sell people in their family for money and the family were slaves.
Balila, Joshua Mr. Tavernia Period 1 Packet B Social: Paleolithic Social Structure The average paleolithic social structure was fairly egalitarian (equal social positions), although there was gender separation of classes whereby men would hunt for food while women would gather fruits and nuts that were available. These ancient societies were also fairly small, consisting mostly of one’s own kinship of the mother, father, and children. There were also no social classes in the paleolithic societies, as everyone in the society had the same jobs, which were either to hunt for food or gather fruits and nuts. Some paleolithic societies had chiefs or leaders that would govern and make decisions for the groups, such as when to move to a new area or how to distribute the food gained during a hunt. These leaders, however, rarely made claims to power via divine right or military prowess, but rather by the age of the people in the clan, with elders becoming the tribal leaders. This method of choosing leaders was perhaps due to the short lifespan of most paleolithic peoples, which was about 30 years, so age was seen as a sign of good health, strength, and wisdom. Paleolithic social structures were also very flexible, as leaders and normal members of the tribe were likely to die, so rigid social structures were uncommon. In addition, due to the constant nomadic nature of most hunter­gatherer paleolithic societies, it was near impossible for these paleolithic societies to have housing distinctions nor special treatment for the elites of the tribe. These ideas further support the egalitarian ways of early paleolithic humans, as opposed to the rigidly formed and maintained social structures of later Neolithic societies and civilizations. This change in societal roles was a direct result of labor specialization, which in turn was a direct result of the adaptation of widespread agriculture in Neolithic societies. Ariann Barker
Mr. Tavernia
Ap World History Period 4 Packet B
Social: Skilled Labor
Skilled labor forces were introduced once the Neolithic Revolution began. Food surplus
led to an increase of population, which introduced structured social classes, as opposed
to the egalitarian system initial foragers were living by. This form of social stratification
led to the development of four main groups: the Elites, the Skilled, the Unskilled, and
the Coerced. Various civilizations had various definitions on what a skilled worker was.
In places like China, where land was hard to cultivate, farmers were especially needed
and considered ‘skilled,’ while in places like Egypt where people prided themselves on
the commerce of their city, artisans and traders were considered skilled, while farmers
were considered unskilled.
Eric Bazail
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History
Packet B
Social: Matrilineal Societies
A rare occurrence in modern history, matrilineal societies are those that trace lineage,
birthright, and social classification through the mother’s ancestry as opposed to the father’s
ancestry. Although the prevailing trend through all of history has leaned towards patrilineality,
notable exceptions in all corners of the world have used matrilineality. From the societies of the
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and early Neolithic periods, to Amerindian tribes in modern-day Canada
and the United States, to the Nubian people of Kush, matriarchy and matrilineal societies have
left their mark on social structures the world over. To this day, there still exist matrilineal
societies, despite colonial pressures, westernized reform movements, and the creeds of dominant
religious faiths, standing as a testament to the societies of the past who valued women almost as
much as they did men.
Originally, early human societies organized by matrilineal lineages. But by the time that
the agricultural revolution really got into full swing, patrilineality triumphed, presumably a
response to the shift in responsibilities and gender roles associated with the agricultural
lifestyles. Nonetheless, many colorful stories from all over the world exist to explain just why
the shift occurred, including one where all the women were impregnated and the men
subsequently took over. In North America, the Tlingit and Iroquois Confederacy were the most
notable examples of matrilineal societies. The Meroe people in Nubia Kush were one of the most
fascinating however, as they were not isolated from the outside world, regularly trading with
Rome and Egypt. Yet despite contact with varying cultures, the presence of matrilineality
remained until the arrival of Islam in the 8th century.
Sydni Dichter
Tavernia
AP World History, Period 4
Packet B
Social: Nuclear Family Size
A nuclear family size includes parents and their children​.​ Extended
relatives like grandparents and aunts and uncles are not included in the nuclear
family size​.​ In ancient times, nuclear family sizes were larger because women
had more children, in order to acquire more people to help with agriculture​.
Today’s average nuclear family size is smaller because couples have less
children​. C
​ ouples have less children because, in today’s society, most men and
women have jobs and do not have the time to have ten children​.
Ben Geller
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
28 September 2016
Social: Nuclear Family Size
A nuclear family is a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children. This is
excluding all families with extended members outside of this. Also families with even
less members than the required to be considered a nuclear family are not in the same
category. The nuclear families basis is around the married father and mother. Also the
number of the children allowed to have is infinite, but the typical family has two children
with two parents. Biological and half linked family members are typically not allowed,
but some informal and allowing philosophers allow this exception. Now worldwide the
number of two family homes is rising. This is the case because four is not too much in
household, but is not too little. There needs to be a balance beween the two or else
there ends p being population issues. This is evident in population policies that had to
be developed in Asia. Nuclear Family Size is associated with the social theme because
every hierarchy starts with the basic foundation of a family. There needs to be a
standard for the sze of a family and this sets an unwritten rule. The social hierarchies
and political development are majorly impacted by the size and concept of a traditional
family.
Annita Huang
Mr. Tavernia
AP World/Period 4
Packet: B
Theme 4: Three classes of Babylonia
Babylonia was a prehistoric empire that was situated in the southern Mesopotamia
flanked by the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers. As per history, under the rule of King
Nebuchadnezzar II, the Babylonians destroyed the capital city of Judah kingdom, the Jerusalem
and kept God’s promised people into incarceration in BC 587. The traditional Sumerian culture
was the basis of Babylonian civilization. The Babylonian culture was rich with arts and literature
depictions and they also had organised law system in place. In the historical writings it is
recorded that there were diverse class divisions in the social hierarchy of ancient Babylonia. The
Awilu was the top most class in the social hierarchy of ancient Babylonia. ​ ​Awilu class people
were considered precious in Hammurabi’s Code and they were richer than the other two major
classes in the society. An Awilu was a free person who belonged to the affluent and wealthy
upper class and enjoyed grants and benefits.The Mushkenu came after the Awilu in the social
class structure of Babylonia. Basically the Mushkenu were free people of low esteem and they
could be abridged to slavery as a punishment for some crime committed by them.The Wardu or
slaves were at the bottom end of the social hierarchy structure of Babylonia.
Laila Inan Mr. Tavernia AP World History (Period 4) Packet: B Social: Comparing Social Structures The comparison of social structures allows us to understand the roles of political, economics, and social statures of civilizations dating from mesopotamia to the ones around today. It shows us labor roles, social roles, and more. Women in Egypt had more rights than women in Mesopotamia. In Mesopotamia, job specialization included farmers, metallurgists, merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests. Their social classes: Free and landowning class, Dependent farmers and artisans, Slaves for domestic service (could purchase freedom), Merchant class important, Marriage contracts, veils for women, women of upper classes less equal than lower class counterparts. Egypt’s included: Smaller nobility than Mesopotamia, fewer merchant and some social nobility through the bureaucracy. Priests have high status (only one who understand complex hieroglyphic written language). Women probably had a higher status than in Mesopotamia; love poetry indicates some importance placed on male/female relationships. Two important Egyptian women: Hatshepsut­ only female pharaoh and Nefertiti­ influential wife of pharaoh. Indus Valley social structure: Priests ­ highest status, based on position between gods and people. Differences in house sizes indicate strong class distinction. Statues reflect reverence for female reproductive function. Shang China’s social structure: Job specialization: Bureaucrats, farmers, slaves. Patriarchal society. Women were wives and concubines, and sometimes shamans. Meso and South American social structures include­ Olmec: Craft specializations, Priests­ highest status, and Most people­ farmers, and Chavin: Priests­ highest status Most people­ farmers, and Capital city dominated hinterlands. Emily Irigoyen
Tavernia
AP World History/4
Packet B
Kinship Groups: Theme 5 (Social)
A kinship group is based on small families, clans, or other group forms based on
kinship. Nuclear Family Size would be considered a kinship group and consists
of a pair of adults and their children. Since k​ inship is one of the universal themes
in society it plays an important role in both the behavior and the formation of
certain social groups in ancient civilizations and somewhat in modern
relationships. Kinship systems usually depend on social recognition of
relationships connected through ancestry and marriage and tend to decide class
position in neolithic civilizations.
Sloane Knapp
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/ Period 4
Packet B
SOCIAL: Rankings of Labor
In all of the core and foundational civilizations, there were 3 rankings of labor.
The highest of these labor ranks is skilled labor, which typically was the ranking right
underneath the elites. Skilled labor consisted of those with advanced education,
examples being priests or merchants. The part of the labor force under that was
unskilled labor which, as it says in the name, consists of those who do not have special
skills, for example farmers. This category is associated with not much economical value
for the work done. The next and lowest category of the labor force is coerced labor
which is the instance in which a person is owned by another and works for no pay. This
usually implies that this person was forced to work or threatened if they refused.
Coerced labor was the earlier term for slavery which continued to thrive throughout
history.
Trishala Kumar
29 September 2016
Mr. Tavernia
World History AP period 3
Social: Paleolithic Social Structures
Paleolithic (and early Neolithic) human societies tribes lived without states and
organized governments.In Paleolithic times, people lived in kinship groups. A kinship
group is a bunch of people who are related to each other living together. These groups are
usually small and close. In Paleolithic times, kinship groups were egalitarian, meaning
everyone is equal. This was mostly because the main purpose of the lives of Paleolithic
peoples was to survive. Thus everyone who helped gather food was important. However,
there were still very well defined gender roles. Men were hunters while women were
gatherers. Also there were less children as they were just another responsibility. In a
world centered around survival, children were a burden so families as well as family
groups were pretty small.
Angela Lin
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet B
Development and Transformation of Social Structures: Three Classes of Babylonia
Babylonia was divided into three class divisions in the social hierarchy: Awilu,
Mushkenu, and Wardu. The king was the top position in the social hierarchy while the slaves
were at the bottom end.
The Awilu was the highest class in the social hierarchy of ancient Babylonia. According
to records, people of the Awilu class were considered to be “precious” in the Code of
Hammurabi. They were wealthier than the two other classes, the Mushkenu and Wardu. An
Awilu belonged to the affluent and wealthy upper class, enjoying the grants and benefits, and
was considered free.
The Mushkenu was the middle class of the social class structure of Babylonia. People of
the Mushkenu were also considered free, but had different rights. They could be forced into
slavery as a punishment if they committed a crime. A man could sell his family members as
slaves to pay back his debts. Sometimes parents would even trade their children in as slaves in
times of need.
The Wardu, also known as the slaves, were the lower class of the social hierarchy
structure of Babylonia. Most of the people in the Wardu class were convicts of war though some
were from Babylonia too.
Olivia Lloyd
Mr. Tavernia
AP World/Period 4
Packet B
Theme Five: Three Classes of Babylonia
Ancient Babylonia in Mesopotamia was divided into three social
classes: the Awilu, the Mushkenu, and the Wardu. The highest class
was the Awilu. This class was composed of the wealthiest and most
affluent people of society, according to the Code of Hammurabi. This
class included the rulers, priests, and rich landowners. The second
class was the Mushkenu, and they were free, but not as wealthy as the
Awilu. This included merchants and farmers. The lowest of this class
might have had to sell family members into slavery to pay off debts. A
large factor that determined the class someone belonged to was the
punishment they would receive under the Code of Hammurabi. The lowest class was the Wardu,
who were the slaves. These people could be slaves for a number of reasons. Men could sell their
wife and children into slavery to pay off debt, in which case they would only remain slaves until
they worked off their debt. Depending on the severity of a crime they committed, people could
serve out their punishment as slaves permanently or temporarily. Some slaves who served for life
were prisoners of war or those who had committed a terrible crime but were not killed. Slaves
were often treated well, because healthier slaves worked better, and they possed basic rights:
they could engage in business and work toward eventually buying their freedom.
Thea McKenna Mr. Tavernia AP World P4 Packet B Social: Comparing Social Structures of Early River Valley Civilizations (oldest to youngest) Mesopotamia (developed by 3500 BCE): There were three distinct classes: the free, land­owning class, dependent farmers and artisans, then slaves. The merchant class was valued and important, and there were marriage contracts and women had to wear veils.The women in upper classes had less rights/equality than women in lower classes. There was job specialization for the dependent farmers and artisans class. Egypt (developed by 3000 BCE): Although they had a smaller nobility than Mesopotamia, Egypt’s priests had high status, but only if they could read and write hieroglyphs. There were fewer merchants, and there was some social mobility through the bureaucracy. Women had higher status than in Mesopotamia, and love poetry placed some importance on male/female relationships. They had one female pharaoh, Hatshepsut (go feminism! But Cleo was apparently part of Ptolemaic Egypt so she doesn’t count). Indus Valley (developed by 2500 BCE: Priests, based on their role as intermediaries between the Gods and the people, had the highest status. Differing house sizes indicated strong class distinctions. This means your house size depended on where you were in the social hierarchy. There was some reverence and appreciation for women through statues that portray the female reproductive function (one step back for feminism thanks guys). Shang China (developed by 1700 BCE): The social classes were: warrior aristocrats, bureaucrats, farmers, then slaves. It was a patriarchal society (what happened guys Egypt was so good), women were just wives and concubines (this hurts to write), but women were sometimes shamans (ok that’s better). There was job specialization with bureaucrats, farmers, and slaves. Meso and South America (developed by 1200 BCE): Olmec (Mesoamerica): the priests had the highest status, and most people were farmers. There was job specialization with crafts. Chavin (South America): the priests had the highest status, and most people were farmers. The capital city dominated the hinterlands (the countryside). Hijaan Mitha
Mr. Tavernia (P. 4)
Period One
Packet B
Babylonia was a sect of the
Ancient Mesopotamian civilization.
Situated in the southern portion of
the region, Babylonia was bordered
by the Tigris and the Euphrates
Rivers. Also, located in Mesopotamia,
Sumer inherited much of the culture
from the Babylonians. They had rich
arts and literature, as well as an
organized law system. Their
accumulation of books and writing
has allowed us to know their history
today.
Depicting
their
social
hierarchy, history claims that ancient
Babylonia had three class divisions:
the Awilu, the Mushkenu and the
Wardu. According to historical
renditions, the Awilu was the
uppermost class of Babylonia. These
records also state that the bodies of
the Awilu classmen were precious in
Hammurabi’s Code. The remaining
characteristics were common to all
elite
groups:
affluence
with
numerous luxuries.
Following the Awilu were the
Mushkenu, who were free but could
become victims of slavery as a
consequence of crime. Parents of
the Mushkenu sect were known to
trade their children at times in
need of desperate measures. The
slaves of the region, also known as
Wardus, made up the bottom of the
hierarchy.
Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism means the belief system that all people should be equal in
political, economic, and social rights and opportunities. Egalitarianism was practiced in
the ancient Paleolithic communities where the men, who were better suited to hunt,
went off to hunt, while the women stayed back and did more of the gathering and
cooking. Every person had relatively similar rights and were treated as equals. In this
system there were no true leaders, however the people were organized by the senior
males of the tribe. The qualities of a leader at this time were a kind demeanor, very
approachable, and openness to every person’s opinion.
Egalitarianism during Paleolithic times was stretched to large kills, where the kill
would be split evenly among the people and priority was given to the men and women
who had children. In this time, taking care of babies and raising children was
considered to be as much of a man’s responsibility as it was a woman’s responsibility.
The ideas of egalitarianism were even extended to cultural and religious beliefs and
rituals.
In ancient egalitarian societies, there is a lot of historical evidence to suggest
that women and men had the right to choose who to live with and who to marry. As we
moved out of the Paleolithic Era, we began to become less egalitarian and more of a
patriarchy. For instance in the ancient Egyptian society we know that more menial
tasks were delegated to the women such as weaving, cooking, and making pottery,
while the men were given the more important task of governing the society and
producing food, as well as trading with the other civilizations of the region in order to
gain needed goods. We also know that Egypt had a limited number of women
pharaohs, such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra.
Samantha Ross
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History P.4
Packet: B
Social: Egalitarianism
Egalitarianism is the ideology that all humans are fundamentally equal and that
there are no divisions in social status. In the past, when women began to gather as the
men hunted, the community developed into an egalitarian society. An egalitarian society
is one of complete equality. This type of idea is extremely difficult to ensure. Foragers
lived in an egalitarian society. All foragers were equal and had the same job so social
classes could not be defined. However, as soon as agriculture was established,
specialization of labor began as well. This specialization of labor, resulting from the
increase in population, created divisions as the people felt some jobs were more
essential than others.
Kaitlyn Seese Mr. Tavernia AP World History P.4 Packet: B Ancient Familial Systems (Nuclear Family, Kinship Groups, Patrilineal, Matrilineal) Ancient human communities were generally organized based on familial structures. As in forager communities, kinship and marriage also brought agricultural societies together. In general, the nuclear family size, defined as the parents and their children, stayed the same. However, kinship relations can be traced back over generations. Kinship groups include distant relatives, including, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins into common kin networks. These networks encouraged the holding of land by lineages, defined as large kinship units. Societies predominantly trace descent in one of two ways: either through the mother or through the father. Descent through the mother is called matrilineal, and descent through the father is known as patrilineal. Many scholars and historians believe that descent through women and/or rule by women prevailed in ancient times. For example, the Kikuyu farmers on Mount Kenya in East Africa were a female­dominated society until the men overthrew them while all of the women were pregnant and unable to fight back. Moreover, kinship usually led to ancestor worship. The oldest evidence of ancestor reverence is a plastered skull from Jericho in the Jordan Valley in modern­day Israel. Sydney Stewart
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History Period 4
Packet B
Social: Paleolithic social structure
The social structure of the earliest Paleolithic people are unknown to scientists, However it is
thought that Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus were likely to have more complex social structures
than chimpanzees. Homo Erectus may have been the first people to invent central campsites and
incorporate them into their hunter-gathering lifestyle, possibly about 1.7 million years ago.
Human societies from the Paleolithic to Early-Neolithic era lived without states or governments.
Both Neanderthals and modern humans took care of their elderly during the Middle and Upper
Paleolithic.
Some sources claim that Paleolithic societies could have been fundamentally egalitarian and may
have never engaged in formal organized conflict (wars). Some upper Paleolithic societies in
resource rich spots might have had a more complex and hierarchical organization and may have
engaged in endemic warfare( ritual warfare). Some argue that there were no formal leadership in
middle Paleolithic or upper Paleolithic and that decisions were made by communal decision
rather than appointing monarchs or rulers. There was no division of labor like what would
develop after agriculture because everyone had essential skills geared towards survival.
Shayaan Subzwari
Mr. Tavernia
AP World History/Period 4
Packet B
Social: Coerced Labor
Coerced labor is a form of labor in which humans are forced to work through the use of violence
and/or force. Coerced labor is also known as slavery. It is the lowest social class in both ancient
civilizations and today, below both unskilled and skilled labor. Today, human trafficking is the
most common form of coerced labor, which includes the use of humans for the main purposes of
sexual slavery and forced labor. Although illegal in most areas of the world, coerced labor still
exists today. With approximately 45 million slaves today, there are currently more slaves today
than at any other time before. Currently, slavery and coerced labor has been outlawed in all
countries, Mauritania being the last to pass such a law in 2007. Coerced labor is relatively
common in many regions such as Africa and the Indian subcontinent, with up to 4% of the
population being employed by coerced labor in some of the countries in those regions. Child
coerced labor is another serious problem in many of these areas including Asia, with the use of
children for forced labor without pay. Coerced labor was very common in ancient civilizations,
with evidence from Egypt as far back as
8000 BCE. However, coerced labor was
very rare among hunter-gatherer and
foraging populations. In addition, the
Code of Hammurabi concerns
punishments for disobedient slaves.
Noah Teixeira Mr.Tavernia AP World History Period 4 Packet B Social: Three Classes of Babylonia ​In Babylonia, the social scale was separated into three classes. The highest class was the free, land owning class. This class lived in the city and consisted of royalty, high ranking officials, warriors, priests, merchants, and some artisans and shopkeepers. This was considered the skilled workers class of Babylonia. The second class was the class of dependent farmers and artisans, or the unskilled working class. The lowest class consisted of slaves who were employed in domestic service. This class can be related to the coerced labor section. The people of this city followed Hammurabi’s Code. The three classes of Babylonia relate to the social theme of AP World History because these classes are social classes.