Download AP#Chemistry#Lab:#Determination#of#the#Molar#Heat#of#Fusion

AP#Chemistry#Lab:#Determination#of#the#Molar#Heat#of#Fusion#for#Water#and#Heat#of#Solution#of#a#
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Introduction#to#Thermochemistry#&#Heat:!
Thermochemistry! is! one! area! of! chemistry! dealing! with! the! quantitative! analysis! of! heat! absorbed! or!
evolved!by!physical!and!chemical!processes.!Heat!(q)!can!be!defined!as!the!flow!of!energy!into!and!out!of!a!
system!due!to!a!temperature!difference!between!the!thermodynamic!system!and!its!surroundings.!
Heat! energy! will! flow! from! the! region! of! higher! temperature! to! the! region! of! lower! temperature! until!
thermal!equilibrium!has!been!reached.!At!thermal!equilibrium,!the!temperature!of!the!two!regions!will!be!
equal!at!any!one!time.!
Heat!&!temperature!are!both!measures!of!kinetic!energy!but!heat!measures!total!energy!and!temperature!
measures!the!average!energy.!For!example,!if!you!had!a!teaspoonful!of!boiling!water!versus!a!cup!of!boiling!
water!(both!at!100oC),!the!cup!of!boiling!water!would!be!more!painful!to!spill!on!your!hand!because!it!has!
more!heat!(total!energy).!
The!formula!for!heat!is!as!follows:!q!=!smΔt!Where!q!=!heat,!s!=!specific!heat,!m!=!mass,!Δt!=!change!
in!temperature.!(the!specific!heat!for!water!=!4.184!J/goC.)!
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Introduction#to#Heat#of#Fusion:!
The!heat!needed!to!melt!1!mole!of!a!pure!substance!is!called!the!heat!of!fusion!and!denoted!as!ΔHfus.!To!
melt!a!pure!substance!at!its!melting!point!requires!an!extra!boost!of!energy!to!overcome!lattice!energies.!
The!heat!of!fusion!(ΔHfus)!can!be!calculated.!At!constant!pressure,!the!heat!exchanged!is!equal!to!the!heat!
of!fusion:!
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qp!=!ΔHfus.!
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Procedure#for#the#Molar#Heat#of#Fusion#of#Water:#
1)! Place!about!400!–!500!mL!of!deionized!water!into!a!600!mL!beaker!and!place!onto!a!hotplate.!
a.! Heat!up!the!water!to!between!60oC!and!70oC.!
2)! Obtain!the!mass!of!two!clean!and!dried!empty!Styrofoam!cups!with!the!top.!
a.! These!two!cups!should!be!stacked!on!top!of!one!another!and!the!top!should!have!a!hole!in!it!
to!facilitate!the!use!of!your!thermometer.!
3)! Add!enough!warm!water!to!the!pre–weighed!set!of!cups!to!fill!between!65–75%!full.!
4)! Obtain!the!mass!of!the!set!of!cups!containing!the!warm!water!with!the!cap!on!top.!
a.! Ensure!that!no!water!is!clinging!to!the!outside!walls!of!the!Styrofoam!cups.!
5)! Measure! the! temperature! of! the! warm! water! to! the! nearest! tenth! to! hundredth! of! a! degree!
depending!on!the!thermometer!calibrations!(0.1oC!–!0.01oC).!
6)! Immediately!following!this!measurement,!add!enough!ice!to!cover!the!surface!of!the!water.!
a.! Ensure!that!you!do!not!allow!any!of!the!warm!water!to!splash!out.!
7)! Replace!the!top!and!gently!stir!the!mixture!with!the!thermometer.!
8)! Once!the!ice!has!melted!and!the!temperature!has!stabilized,!record!the!final!temperature!of!the!
cool! water! to! the! nearest! tenth! to! hundredth! of! a! degree! depending! on! the! thermometer!
calibrations!(0.1oC!–!0.01oC).!!
9)! Following!this!measurement,!remove!the!thermometer!and!record!the!mass!of!the!cool!water!in!
the!set!of!cups!with!the!top.!
10)! Repeat!this!experiment!(steps!1!–!9)!for!a!second!trial.!
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Clean#–#Up:!
1)! All!water!and!salt!solutions!can!be!disposed!of!down!the!sink.!
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Sample#Data#Table#for#the#Molar#Heat#of#Fusion#of#Water:!
a)!Mass!of!Styrofoam!cups!with!top!in!grams:!!
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!!
b)!Mass!of!Styrofoam!cups!with!top!plus!warm!water!in!grams:!!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
c)!Mass!of!warm!water!in!grams!(b!–!a):!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!!
d)!Stable!temperature!of!warm!water!in!oC:!
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
e)!Stable!temperature!of!warm!water!in!Kelvin:!
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
f)!Stable!temperature!of!cool!water!in!oC:!
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
g)!Stable!temperature!of!cool!water!in!Kelvin:!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
h)!Temperature!change!of!warm!water!in!oC!(f!–!d):!!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
i)!Mass!of!Styrofoam!cups!with!top!plus!cool!water!in!grams:!!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
j)!Mass!of!cool!water!in!grams!(i!–!a):!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!!
k)!Mass!of!ice!in!grams!(j!–!c):!!
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
l)!Amount!of!heat!lost!(in!Joules)!by!the!warm!water†:!!
†
q = (c)(4.184 J/g • oC)(h)
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!!
m)!Amount!of!heat!gained!(in!Joules)!by!the!ice‡:!!
‡q = (k)(4.184 J/g • oC)(f–0.00oC)
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!!
n)!Amount!of!heat!(in!Joules)!that!melted!ice!(|l|!–!|m|):!
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Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
o)!Experimental!heat!of!fusion!(in!Joules/gram)!of!water!(n/k):!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!!
p)!Experimental!molar!heat!of!fusion!(in!Joules/mole)!of!water!(o•MW):!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
q)!Experimental!molar!heat!of!fusion!(in!kilojoules/mole)!of!water!(p/1000):!
!
Trial!1:!________!Trial!2:!________!
Average:!________!
r)!True!molar!heat!of!fusion!(in!kilojoules/mole)!of!water!*:!_____________!
s)!Percent!error!for!molar!heat!of!fusion!of!water:!_____________!
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Reference!for!true!molar!heat!of!fusion!for!water:!
__________________________________________________________!
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* You must look up this value online or in a text & properly reference.
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Lab#Report:!
•! Title!Page!
•! Summary!!
a.! Purpose!
b.! Compare!the!true!and!experimental!heat!of!fusion!of!water.!!Include!percent!error.!
•! Introduction!
a.! Discuss!thermochemistry!and!heat!background.!
•! Results!and!Discussion!
a.! Discuss!your!procedure!with!the!data!you!collected.!!
b.! Determine!the!molar!heat!of!fusion!of!water.!!
c.! Compare!experimental!results!with!the!true!values!&!determine!the!percent!error!in!each!
experiment!using!the!following!formula:!
i.! [(true!value!–!experimental!value)/true!value]!*!100%!
ii.! Error!cannot!be!negative;!take!the!absolute!value!if!necessary.!
d.! Discuss!all!reasons!for!error.!
e.! Include!your!data!tables.!
f.! Show!all!calculations.!
•! Conclusion!
a.! Summarize!the!major!points!of!your!experiment.!
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