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GEOF236 CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (HØST 2012)
Christoph Heinze
University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute and
Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research
Prof. in Global Carbon Cycle Modelling
Allegaten 70, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
Phone: +47 55 58 98 44 Fax: +47 55 58 98 83
Mobile phone: +47 975 57 119
Email: [email protected]
DEAR STUDENT AND COLLEAGUE:
”This presentation is for teaching/learning purposes only. Do not use any
material of this presentation for any purpose outside course GEOF236,
”Chemical Oceanography”, autumn 2012, University of Bergen. Thank you
for your attention.”
People:
Christoph Heinze, professor in chemical oceanography
Email:[email protected], phone: 55589844, 97557119
Jörg Schwinger, post-doctoral researcher/researcher (exercises and modelling course)
Helene Frigstad, post-doctoral researcher (laboratory course)
Students:
Name
Main topic of studies
Knowledge about oceanography in general
Knowledge about chemical oceanography/marine biogeochemistry
Programming expertise?
What is your motivation/expectation?
Pensum:
1. Text book:
Sarmiento, J.L., and N. Gruber, 2006, Ocean biogeochemical dynamics, Princeton
University Press
The first 9 chapters will be part of the pensum (not chapter 10). During the lectures,
highlights of specifically important issues will be given.
2. Basic findings of the “laboratory course” and the “modeling exercise”.
3. Basic elements of the calculus experiments.
Book:
Recommended older text books for
those interested in the topic:
Schedule: (to be updated, see red markings)
Exercises/problem solving (for orientation, some changes may occur for the choice of
those during the course):
chp 1 (p. 16): 1.3
chp 2 (p. 69): 2.3, 2.8, 2.13
chp 3 (p. 100): 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
chp 4 (p. 168): 4.1, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 4.12
chp 5 (p. 222): 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 5.8, 5.9, 5.10
chp 6 (p. 267): 6.1, 6.10
chp 7 (p. 313): 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.16
chp 8 (p. 355): 8.1, 8.2, 8.4, 8.10, 8.12, 8.15, 8.17, 8.18, 8.19
chp 9 (p. 389): 9.1, 9.2, 9.4, 9.7, 9.9, 9.10, 9.13, 9.14
Students have to solve the exercises before the scheduled dates for discussing them.
Students will be asked to present the exercises on the black board an will get assistance
when they get stuck.
For the grade: 100% exam (probably oral exam), the exercises are a very good way to
prepare for the exam
Timing:
45 min. lecture, 15 min. break, 45 min. lecture
Mi Side:
Christoph shows this online
Definitions:
Chemical oceanography
Biogeochemistry
Geochemistry
Aquatic chemistry
Earth system science
Chemical oceanography:
Millero, F., 2006, Chemical Oceanography, 3rd ed., Taylor and Francis:
Oceanography is the scientific study of the oceans. 4 major areas:
Physical oceanography: the study of the physics of the ocean and
their interactions with the atmosphere.
Biological oceanography: the study of the biology of the oceans.
Geological oceanography: the study of the geology and geophysics of
the oceans.
Chemical oceanography: the study of the chemistry of the oceans
(added by C. Heinze: and their interactions with the atmosphere).
Biogeochemistry:
Schlesinger, W.H., 1997, Biogeochemistry – an analysis of global change, Academic
Press:
Chemistry of the surface of the Earth.
Libes, S.M., 1992, An introduction to marine biogeochemistry, John Wiley:
The study of marine chemistry (add by C. Heinze: = chemical oceanography)
encompasses all chemical changes that occur in seawater and the sediments.
Since the ocean is a place where biological physical, geological, and chemical
processes interact, the study of marine chemistry is very interdisciplinary. As a
result, this field is often referred to as marine biogeochemistry.
Not only are all fields of marine science interconnected, but the ocean itself
cannot be studied without considering interactions with the atmosphere and the
crust of the earth…
Geochemistry:
Schulz, H.D. & M. Zabel, eds., 2000, Marine Geochemistry, Springer:
Marine geochemistry is generally integrated into the broad conceptual framework
of oceanography which encompasses the study of the oceanic currents, their
interactions with the atmosphere, weather and climate; it leads from the
substances dissolved in water, to the marine flora and fauna, the process of plate
tectonics, the sediments at the bottom of the oceans, and thus o marine geology.
Our notion of marine geochemistry is that it is a part of marine geology… (added
by C. Heinze: true or subjective?)
Aquatic chemistry:
Stumm, W. and J.J. Morgan, 1996, 3rd ed., Aquatic chemistry, John Wiley:
Aquatic chemistry is concerned with the chemical reactions and processes
affecting the distribution and circulation of chemical species in natural waters. The
objectives include the development of a theoretical basis for the chemical
behavior of ocean waters, estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwaters, and soil water
systems, as well as the description of processes involved in water technoogy.
Aquatic chemistry draws primarily on the fundamentals of chemistry, but it is also
influenced by other sciences, especially geology and biology.
Earth system science
Earth System Science is the study of the Earth System, with an
emphasis on observing, understanding and predicting global
environmental changes involving interactions between land,
atmosphere, water, ice, biosphere, societies, technologies and
economies.
(Bild: Apollo 17, NASA)
Earth System Science Partnership
(ESSP, International Council of Science ICSU) (www.essp.org)
Earth system science in its first step
= climate science plus biogeochemistry
Bretherton, F.P., Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, Proceedings of the,
VOL. 73, NO. 6, 1985:
A conceptual model is presented of the Earth System appropriate
to global change on timescales of decades to centuries (added by C.
Heinze: also longer timescales and shorter timescales should be
included). This is used as a framework for discussion of the processes
and feedbacks involved in the physical climate system and in
biogeochemical cycles, …
… to (added by C. Heinze: also) understand … the impact
of human activities on the global environment in the context of
natural variability.
Bretherton, F.P., Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, 1985 Proceedings of the IEEE, 73(6)
Bretherton, F.P., Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, 1985 Proceedings of the IEEE, 73(6)
Bretherton, F.P., Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, 1985 Proceedings of the IEEE, 73(6)
Simplified version!
Source for this figure: J.G. Bockheim, and A.N. Gennadiyev, 2010, Soil-factorial models and earth-system science: A review,
Geoderma, 159, 243-251.
What determines the composition of the Earth’s “surface”
and how does biogeochemistry interact with physics?
Source:
Jacobson et
al., Earth
System
Science,
Academic
Press, 2000
The ocean as the interface between the atmosphere & land and the lithosphere:
Heinze, C., and M. Gehlen, submitted for 2nd ed. of book Ocean Circulation and
Climate, edited by G. Siedler et al.
Chemical oceanography (Wikipedia)
The Chemical oceanography is the study of ocean chemistry: the behavior of the
chemical elements within the Earth's oceans. The ocean is unique in that it contains
- in greater or lesser quantities - nearly every element in the periodic table.
Much of chemical oceanography describes the cycling of these elements both within
the ocean and with the other spheres of the Earth system (see biogeochemical
cycle). These cycles are usually characterised as quantitative fluxes between
constituent reservoirs defined within the ocean system and as residence times
within the ocean. Of particular global and climatic significance are the cycles of the
biologically active elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as
those of some important trace elements such as iron.
Another important area of study in chemical oceanography is the behaviour of
isotopes (see isotope geochemistry) and how they can be used as tracers of past and
present oceanographic and climatic processes. For example, the incidence of 18O
(the heavy isotope of oxygen) can be used as an indicator of polar ice sheet extent,
and boron isotopes are key indicators of the pH and CO2 content of oceans in the
geologic past.
Geochemistry 1 (Wikipedia)
The field of geochemistry involves study of the chemical composition of the Earth
and other planets, chemical processes and reactions that govern the composition of
rocks, water, and soils, and the cycles of matter and energy that transport the
Earth's chemical components in time and space, and their interaction with the
hydrosphere and the atmosphere.
Some subsets of geochemistry are:
1.Isotope geochemistry :Determination of the relative and absolute concentrations
of the elements and their isotopes in the earth and on earth's surface.
2.Examination of the distribution and movements of elements in different parts of
the earth (crust, mantle, hydrosphere etc.) and in minerals with the goal to
determine the underlying system of distribution and movement.
3.Cosmochemistry: Analysis of the distribution of elements and their isotopes in the
cosmos.
4.Biogeochemistry: Field of study focusing on the effect of life on the chemistry of
the earth. CONTINUED ON NEXT SLIDE
Geochemistry 2 (Wikipedia)
CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS SLIDE
5.Organic geochemistry: A study of the role of processes and compounds that are
derived from living or once-living organisms.
6.Aqueous geochemistry: Understanding the role of various elements in watersheds,
including copper, sulfur, mercury, and how elemental fluxes are exchanged through
atmospheric-terrestrial-aquatic interactions.
7.Regional, environmental and exploration geochemistry: Applications to
environmental, hydrological and mineral exploration studies.
Victor Goldschmidt is considered by most to be the father of modern geochemistry
and the ideas of the subject were formed by him in a series of publications from
1922 under the title ‘Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente’ (geochemical
laws of distribution of the elements).
Earth system science
(Wikipedia)
Earth system science seeks to integrate various fields of academic study to
understand the Earth as a system. It considers interaction between the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and heliosphere.
In 1996, the American Geophysical Union, in cooperation with the Keck Geology Consortium and with
support from five divisions within the National Science Foundation, convened a workshop "to define
common educational goals among all disciplines in the Earth sciences." In its report, participants noted
that, "The fields that make up the Earth and space sciences are currently undergoing a major
advancement that promotes understanding the Earth as a number of interrelated systems." Recognizing
the rise of this systems approach, the workshop report recommended that an Earth system science
curriculum be developed with support from the National Science Foundation. …
The Carleton College, offers the following definition: "Earth system science embraces
chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and applied sciences in transcending
disciplinary boundaries to treat the Earth as an integrated system and seeks a
deeper understanding of the physical, chemical, biological and human interactions
that determine the past, current and future states of the Earth. Earth system science
provides a physical basis for understanding the world in which we live and upon
which humankind seeks to achieve sustainability."
Biogeochemistry (Wikipedia)
Biogeochemistry is the scientific discipline that involves the study of the chemical,
physical, geological, and biological processes and reactions that govern the
composition of the natural environment (including the biosphere, the
hydrosphere, the pedosphere, the atmosphere, and the lithosphere).
In particular, biogeochemistry is the study of the cycles of chemical elements, such
as carbon and nitrogen, and their interactions with and incorporation into living
things transported through earth scale biological systems in space through time.
The field focuses on chemical cycles which are either driven by or have an impact on
biological activity. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of carbon, nitrogen,
sulfur, and phosphorus cycles.
Biogeochemistry is a systems science closely related to systems ecology.
THIS COURSE:
Aim and Content
This course gives a basic introduction to chemical oceanography and useful methods applied within
analytical work and modelling to interpret the distribution of substances and identifying processes
causing their distribution. Focus is placed both on the natural and anthropogenic system of the general
carbon cycle and other important processes causing changes in biogeochemical cycles and earth
systems. Some central topics are the general circulation of the ocean (the thermohaline circulation),
biological production, remineralisation and export of organic material. Radiometric and stable isotope
distribution used for aging purposes of water masses and to identify source waters, calculation of
mixing rates and advection of chemical component etc. Air - Sea gas exchange, the biological pump,
nutrient cycles (nitrogen, phosphorous and silica cycle) will also be central topics.
Learning Outcomes
After completing this subject the student should be able to:
- calculate the uptake of carbon both in a natural and anthropogenic air and sea system based upon
analytical and model data
- work on and systemize chemical oceanographic data in order to identify underlying processes that
determine the general distribution of chemical substances
- determine how the biological pump influences the distribution of chemical substances in the ocean
based on stoichiometry
- identify processes that are important for air-sea exchange
- measure and interpret experimental data and summarize results in a short laboratory report
- interpret results based on modelling in a short report
Pre-requirements
Principles of oceanography. Principles of chemistry is an advantage.
Timescales in the Earth system
Gates, W.L.,1979, Dynamics of the
Atmosphere and Oceans, 3(2-4)
The Open University/Pergamon: Ocean Chemistry and Deep-Sea Sediments, 1989
Chapter 1: Introduction
You find practically all elements in seawater
Chapter 2: Tracer conservation and ocean transport
Broecker&Peng, Tracers
in the sea, ELDIGIO
press, 1982
An ocean conveyor belt
Chapter 3: Air-sea interface
Mean annual CO2 flux across the air water interface
Takahashi, T., et al., 2009, Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over
the global oceans, Deep-Sea Research II, 56, 554–577
Chapter 4: Organic matter production
Satellite derived estimate (following Carr, 2002)
Source: Henson, S., et al., 2012, Global patterns in efficiency of particulate organic carbon export and transfer to the
deep ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26, GB1028
Chapter 5: Organic matter export and remineralisation
GEOSECS
Station 214
32º N 176º W
North Pacific
Broecker&Peng, 1982,
Tracers in the Sea,
ELDIGIO Press
Chapter 6: Remineralisation and burial in the sediments
Top sediment distribution of organic carbon
Source: Jahnke, R., The global ocean flux of particulate organic carbon: Areal distribution and magnitude, Global
Biogeochemical Cycles, 10(1), 71-88.
Chapter 7: Silicate cycle
Shades: organic carbon primary production.
Isolines: Si sediment content in weight-% on calcite
free basis
Tréguer, P., 2002, Silica and the cycle of carbon in the ocean, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 3–11
Chapter 8: Carbon cycle
Column inventory of anthropogenic CO2
Source: Sabine, C., et al., 2004, The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2, Science, 305, 367-371.
Chapter 9: Calcium carbonate cycle
Gridded map of top CaCO3 sediment in
weight-% of sediment
Source: Archer, D., 1996, An atlas of the distribution of calcium carbonate
in sediments of the deep sea, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 10(1), 159-174