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Brain Imaging and Lie Detection: Avoiding a Collision between Neuroscience and the Justice System Judy Illes, Ph.D. Judicial Seminar on Emerging Issues in Neuroscience Stanford University 2006 Center for Biomedical Ethics, Program in Neuroethics Department of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics Stanford University A Return to the Fish Story The fish I caught was this big … Dana Press, 2004 Outline • Baseline Technology and experimental models Neural circuitry • Ethical obstacles and challenges Conceptual and behavioral Technical Policy • Lessons from the history of neuroscience, admissibility, varying scenarios, conclusions From Antiquity to Present EEG: MEG: Electrical signals Current sources and sinks PET and SPECT: Blood flow and metabolic activity Functional MRI Behavior Functional Brain Anatomy Non-invasive, small clinical risk arterial Perform a Task Increased Neuronal Activity HbO2 Hb Increased Oxygenated Blood Flow venous Activation Map The fMRI Experiment Stimulus A B A B A B A Response ”B" state images = "A" state images Activation map Courtesy of Gary Glover, PhD Trends in Research with fMRI Trends in Research with fMRI 100.0 motor sensory1 sensory2 cognition1 cognition2 emotion % of Articles 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year Illes et al., Nat. Neuroscience, 2003 Moral Judgement Posterior Cingulate/Precuneus Emotional/Social Cognition Areas Medial Frontal Cortex Brain Activity % change MR signal “Cognitive” Areas Superior Temporal Sulcus Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) Personal Moral Dilemmas Impersonal Moral Dilemmas Non-moral Dilemmas Greene et al., Science, 2001 Rational Decision-making Personality Correlation with Extraversion Activation Mean Correlation Scatterplot Fear T Value T Score 3 2 1 0 -1 r = .20 p = .24 T Score 3 Happy 2 1 0 L R -1 r = .71 p < .002 30 40 50 Extraversion Score Canli et al., Science, 2002 De Martino et al., Science, 2006 Lying and Deception (of ~20 in Research Articles in PubMed) • Spence et al., 2001 True/false about subject’s daily activities • Langleben et al., 2002; Davatzikos et al., 2005 True/false about playing card in subject’s possession • Lee et al. 2002 True/false about autobiographical information • Ganis et al., 2003 True/false about life narrative • Kozel et al. 2005; Mohamed et al. 2006 True/false mock crime Critical Nodes in Neural Circuitry Anterior prefrontal area Ventromedial prefrontal area Dorsolateral prefrontal area Parahippocampal areas Anterior cingulate, left posterior cingulate Temporal and subcortical caudate Right precuneous Left cerebellum Insula Putamen, caudate, thalamus Regions of temporal cortex Entrepreneurial Efforts • No Lie MRI • Cephos • Human Bionics • N=? Supported by the military and intelligence community Outline • Technology and experimental models • Neural circuitry • Ethical obstacles and challenges Conceptual and behavioral Technical Policy • Lessons from the history of neuroscience, admissibility, varying scenarios, conclusions Does imaging visualize human thought? Visualizing Human Thought No: Thought is a composite of cognitive functions involving - information processing, - the disposition of an individual to information, and - individual methods of integrating information into an internal schema and responding to it. Imaging does, however, visualize correlates of the cognitive functions that humans harness to create thought. Conceptual and Behavioral Issues • Human behavior is complex, involving: memory, intention, motivation, planning and executive function, monitoring, mood, daily physiology + consciousness, will and language • Lying and deception require all of the above, + Inferences about: another person’s intent or position gullibility Conceptual and Behavioral Issues, cont’d • Lying and deception are different: Lying: Frank misinformation that states an erroneous conclusion. Deception: Misleading information, omission, distortion that leads to an erroneous conclusion. • There are good and bad liars (and deceivers). • There are everyday liars and there are pathologic liars. • There are dark lies and white lies. It is not a lie, it's a terminological inexactitude. Also, a tactical misrepresentation. Alexander Haig Of course I lie to people. But I lie altruistically–for our mutual good. The lie is the basic building block of good manners. Quentin Crisp No man has a good enough memory to make a successful liar. Abraham Lincoln I never had sex with that woman. Bill Clinton Technical Issues • Paradigmatic (Standards of practice, quality control) Instrumentation Study design Experimental parameters; internal/external validity Socioculturally-appropriate stimuli Subject N’s and relevance Data geography (ROIs) SNR /statistical approach(es) • Analytic Localization vs. networks Repeat scanning and learning effects Motivation-mitigated neural signatures Ethics & Policy Issues • Privacy • Context Autonomy, Coercion •Accused, victims (false memories) •Children and adults (stigma, profiling) • Justice What goal? What uses? •Proximate Definitive or adjunctive information? Degree? Motivation? Intent? Screening/prediction? •Long-range • Nonmalficence False positives/false negatives Unexpected clinical finding The Case of SH Courtesy of The Lucas MR Imaging Center, Stanford University Ethics & Policy Issues • Countermeasures (internal and external [e.g, beta blockers, TMS]) • Allocation of scarce resources for research • Oversight - By whom and how • Moral culpability (Kulynych 2002) Risks and Troubling Concerns • Premature adoption of technology • Misuse, mischievous covert use • Technically incorrect use (equipment, personnel) • Outcome of false positives • Outcomes of true positives • Conflict of interest (overzealous “lie catchers”; quotas) • Public perception Brain Fingerprinting, Polygraphy, MRI • What’s new? Technical sophistication (but consider cost and availability) Power of the image Type of measure (emotional [physiologic vs. cognitive]) Promise of new technology may be considerable Kozel et al., Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004. Brain Fingerprinting, Polygraphy, MRI • Reflecting on the past FORENSIC TECHNOLOGIES, INC. When the truth really matters... count on us Similarities are conceptual, ethical & technical • • • • • Experimental paradigms Meaning Interpretation Autonomy Use and outcomes (how and by whom) • Countermeasures • Sensitivity/specificity metric… only the If, not the What http://www.brainwavescience.com/HarringtonSummary.php Outline • Technology and experimental models • Neural circuitry • Ethical obstacles and challenges Conceptual and behavioral Technical Policy • Lessons from the history of neuroscience, admissibility, varying scenarios, conclusions Coverage of fMRI in the International Print Press 45 40 35 # 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 2 3 4* Year “The brain can’t lie: Brain scans reveal how you think and even how you might behave.” --The Guardian, 2003 Racine, Bar-Ilan, Illes, fMRI in the Public Eye, NRN, 2005 Lessons from the History of Neuroscience • • • • Prefrontal lobotomies (1935) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (1986) Mozart Effect (1993) Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine/autism (1998) Different Scenarios • • • Convicted facing sentencing Accused Screening Admissibility Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 n.10 • Has the theory or technique can be or has been tested? • Has it been subjected to peer review and publication? • Does the technique have a known or potential rate of error and are there are standards controlling its operation? • Does the theory or technique enjoys general acceptance within a relevant scientific community? Scientists and legal scholars seeking standards of practice and a common voice and language Knowledge Cycle Critical voice of caregivers, stakeholders, and the public in matters of neuroscience discovery Engaged world press dedicated to a close partnership between science and journalism Responsibility: Scholars in Neuroscience, the Humanities and Law • Moral efficacy Ensure the right questions are asked. • Observation Provide impartial observation. • Linkage Provide guidance in linking moral beliefs to moral theory and tradition. • Bridges Introduce new approaches that facilitate and support improved science literacy, and wise acceptance and measured introduction of new technology. Adapted from Illes, Racine, Kirschen, in Neuroethics: Defining the Issues in Theory, Practice and Policy, Oxford University Press, 2006 Conclusions Get involved Contribute Impart knowledge Acknowledgments Program in Neuroethics http://neuroethics.stanford.edu The Greenwall Foundation The Dana Foundation NIH/NINDS #NS045831