Download Leading the change to zero harm

EXPERT MODEL - NOISE
Noise Adoption Team
CHAMBER OF MINES OF SOUTH AFRICA
Working together for a sustainable future since 1889
Influence Diagram - Noise
MINING METHOD
LAYOUT
NOISE PROCESSES /
SOURCES
EXPOSURE
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
HIERACY OF
CONTROLS
HEALTH EFFECTS
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Influence Diagram – Mining Method
STRIP MINING
MINING
METHOD
SURFACE MIING
TERRACE
MINING
CONVENTIONAL
MINING
OPEN-PIT
MINING
MECHANIZED
MINING
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Influence Diagram – Processes
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Conventional Mining (coal)
Continuous Miner (coal)
Long wall Mining (coal)
Hand got (coal)
Stoping/Pillar Extraction (coal)
Rock Mining Coal
Opencast
Stoping
Development (Single shift)
Development (Multiblast)
Shaft Sinking
Raise Boring/Dry Drilling
Trackless Mining
Scraper Block Caving
Ground Handling
Conveyor/Loco’s
Shafts & Services
Roving Underground
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U/g workshops
Raw material
Crushing
Milling/Pulverizing
Screening/Grading
Separation Processes
Concentrating
Heat Process
Smelting
Chemical Process
Refining
Final Products
Roving Plant
Roving Surface
Assay/Laboratory
Surface Workshops
Dumps/Dump Recycling
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Influence Diagram – Sources
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Abrasive cutter
AC Motors
After Cooler
Air Hoist
Air lines
Air Pump
Axial Fans
Blacks Drills
Blower
Brute force feeder
Bulk air cooler
Bulldozer
Centrifuges
Centrifugal pump
Coal Cutter
Coal Loader
Coal Truck
Compressor
Concrete mixer air
Concrete mixer electrical
Continuous Miner
Cooling unit
Cranes
Crusher
DC Motors
Diamond Drill
Diesel Engines
Dragline Machine
Drill Rigs
Drop set winch
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Drying equipment
Dump Truck
Electric Drill
Electrical Pumps
Fan
Forklift
Fridge plants
Front End Loader
Generator
Grinder
Grinding equipment
Gunite machine
Huck bold machine
Hydraulic Power packs
Hydropower Drills
Impact air driven tool
Impact Breaker
Jaw
Jeep
Jumbo Drill Rig
Land cruiser
Load Haul Dumper
Mobile Scalar
New Era Traction motor
Overburden Drill
Pebble
Press
Primary Breaker
Production Back Actor
PRV station
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Pulverizer
Pump chamber main pump
Rear Dumper
Reciprocating pump
Roadway Grader
Rock Drill Shop
Rock breaker
Rockdrills
ROM Mill
Roof Bolter
Shearer
Shield Support
Shot blast equipment
Shuttle Car
Slip ring Motors
Synchronous
Tractor
Turbine
UG Bus
UG Tractor
Underground booster fan
Underground Diesel Loco
Utility Vehicle
V/S Pump
Vibrating Feeder
Vibrating Road Compactor Roller
Water Down Guns
Water Jets
Winch
Influence Diagram – Layout
Box Hole (Development)
Raise (Development)
Winze (Development)
Reef Drive Development
Haulage (Development)
Travelling Way (Development)
Return Airway (Development)
Conveyor Discharge Point (Tramming)
Haulage (Transport Systems)
Loading Box (Transport Systems)
Tips
Boxhole/Oredpass
Shaft Station (Shaft Area)
Headgear Tipping Point (Shaft)
Inclined Shaft Loading Box
Vertical Shaft Loading Box
Stores
Sub Station
Hoist Chamber (Machinery Room)
Pump Station (Machinery Room)
Boiler Maker Shop
Electrical Workshop
Fitter Shop (Work Shop)
Chairlift (Transport Systems)
Dam or Sump
First Aid Station (Shaft Area)
Incline Shaft T/Way (Shaft Area)
Waiting Place (Shaft & Services)
Inclined Shaft (Shaft Bank)
Inclined Shaft Headgear (Shaft Bank)
Loading Station (Shaft Bank)
Shaft Station (Shaft Bank)
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Influence Diagram – Layout - (Cont)
Vertical Shaft (Shaft Bank)
Vertical Shaft Bank Area
Vertical Shaft Bottom (Shaft)
Vertical Shaft Headgear
Mono Winch Bay
Stope Working Face (Stoping)
Strike Gully (Stoping)
Updip Stope (Stoping)
Centre Gully (Stoping)
Stope Entrance (Stoping)
Stope Travelling Way (Stoping)
Reclamation Area (Stoping)
Worked Out Area (Stoping)
Stope Working Face (Stoping)
Surface (Shafts & services)
Winding Engine Room
Surface Fan House
Surface Refrigeration
Surface Compressor House
Engineering Workshop
Engineering Store (All)
Mimic Control
Hostel Kitchen
Hostel Kitchen Store
Hostel Liquor Outlet
Laundry Room
Medical Station
General Offices
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Influence Diagram – Hierarchy of Controls
• elimination of noise sources;
• control of noise at source;
• collective control measures through work organization
and workplace layout;
• personal protective equipment.
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Influence Diagram – Elimination of noise sources
• The elimination of a source of noise is the most effective
way to prevent risks to workers, and should always be
considered when new work equipment or workplaces are
planned.
• A ‘no noise or low noise’ procurement policy is usually
the most cost-effective way to prevent or control noise.
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Influence Diagram – Control of noise at source
The reduction of noise, either at its source or in its path
should be a major focus of noise management programmes,
considering both equipment and workplace design and
maintenance. A range of engineering controls can achieve
this, including:
• isolation of the source, via location, enclosure, or vibration
damping using metal or air springs or elastomer supports;
• reduction at the source or in the path — using enclosures
and barriers, mufflers or silencers on exhausts, or by
reducing cutting, fan, or impact speeds;
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Influence Diagram – Control of noise at source - (cont)
• replacement or alteration of machines — including belt
drives as opposed to noisier gears, or electrical rather than
pneumatic tools;
• application of quieter materials — such as rubber liners in
bins, conveyors, and vibrators;
• active noise reduction (‘anti-noise’), in certain
circumstances;
• carrying out preventive maintenance: as parts become
worn, noise levels can change.
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Influence Diagram – Collective control measures
Where noise cannot be adequately controlled at source,
Further steps should be taken to reduce the exposure of
workers to noise. These can include changing the:
• workplace — sound absorption in a room (e.g. a sound
absorbing ceiling) can have a significant effect on
reducing workers’ exposure to noise;
• work organization (e.g. using working methods that
require less exposure to noise); and
• work equipment — how work equipment is installed, and
where it is located, can make a big difference to workers’
noise exposure.
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Influence Diagram – VERY
IMPORTANT
The ergonomics of any noise control measure
should be considered.
When noise control measures create difficulties
for workers to carry out their jobs, they may be
modified or removed, rendering them ineffective.
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Influence Diagram – Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE), such as earplugs
and earmuffs, should be used as a last resort after all
efforts to eliminate or reduce the source of the noise have
been exhausted. Issues to take into account when using
PPE include:
• making sure the PPE chosen is appropriate for the type
and duration of the noise — it should also be compatible
with other protective equipment;
• employees should have a choice of suitable hearing
protection so they can select the most comfortable
solution;
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Influence Diagram – Personal protective equipment - (cont)
• many workers, such as drivers, police officers, pilots,
and camera operators, need communication earmuffs or
headsets, often with active noise cancellation (ANC) to
ensure clear communication and minimise accident
risks;
• the PPE should be correctly stored and maintained; and
• training should be given on why the PPE is necessary,
how it should be used, and how to store and maintain it.
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Influence Diagram – Exposure
Assay Personnel
Crushing House Attendant
Backfill Labourers
Cyanide Plant Conveyor Belt Attendant
Banksmen
Cyanide Plant Milling Attendant
Boilermakers & Platers
Dayshift Supervisors
Bulldozer Operators
Development RDO's Muffled Pneumatic
C I P Plant Conveyor Attendant
Development RDO's Unmuffeld Pneumatic
C I P Plant Milling Attendant
Development RDO's Waterhydraulic
Carpenters
Development Teams
Coal Cutter Assistants
Diamond Drill Operators
Coal Cutter Operators
Diesel Fitters & Mechanics
Coal Loader Operators
Diesel Fuel Bay Attendants
Coal Prep Plant Attendant
Diesel Loco Operators
Coal Truck Drivers
Dragline Machine Attendants
Compressor Attendant
Dump Truckl Operators
Continuous Miner Assistants
Electric Loco Operators
Continuous Miner Dual Scrubber
Electric Drill Operator
Continuous Miner Operators
Electric Drill Operators
Continuous Miner Standard Scrubber
Filter Attendant
Crusher Attendant
Fitters & Turners
Crusher Attendants
Front-End Loader Operators
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Front-end Loader
Operators
Hydrojet Operators
Impact Breaker Operators
Jeep Occupants
Jumbo Drill Rig Operators
Land cruiser Occupants
LHD Operators
LHD Operators
Main Fan Attendants
Mine Overseers
Mine Overseers
Miners
Miners
Miners Assistants
Miners in Cont Mining
Miscellaneous Workshops
Mobile Scaler Operators
Nightshift Stope Teams
Nightshift Supervisors
Onsetters Teams
Influence Diagram – Exposure- (cont)
Overburden Drill Operators
Shield Support Operators
UG Tractor Drivers
Pipes Tracks & Ventilation Crews
Shift Supervisors
Underground Artisans
Pneumatic Disk Sampler Operator
Shuttle Car Operators
Underground Boilermakers
Pneumatic Loader Operators
Smelt House Personnel
Underground Electricians
Primary Breaker Attendant
Stope RDO's Muffled Pneumatic
Utility Vehicle Drivers
Production Back actor Operators
Stope RDO's Unmuffeld Pneumatic
Utility Vehicle Operators
Production Tyre Dozer Operators
Stope RDO's Water hydraulic
Vibrating Road Compactor Roller Operators
Pump Attendants
Stope Teams
Winch Bell Operators
Raw Coal Screening House Attendant
Survey Sampling Ventilation Personnel
Winch Operators
Reclaiming & Salvage Personnel
Surveyors & Samplers
Wire Mesh Lace & Barricades Personnel
Refrigeration Plant Attendants
Team Leaders
Rehab Back actor Operators
Team Leaders Conventional Mining
Rehab Bulldozer Operators
Team Leaders in Continuous Mining
Rehab Rear Dumper Operators
Team Leaders in Longwall Mining
Roadway Grader Operators
Team Supervisors
Rockdrill Repair Workshop
Timber Crews
Roof Bolter Operators
Tip Attendants
Roof Bolter Operators
Tip Labourers
Shearer Assistants
Tramming Crews
Shearer Operators
UG Bus Drivers
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Influence Diagram – Effects of Exposure
The effects of noise can be simplified into three general
categories:
1. Primary Effects
2. Effects on Communication and Performance
3. Other Effects
In some cases, the effects of hearing loss may be
classified by cause.
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Influence Diagram – Primary Effects
The primary effects of excessive noise exposure may include:
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Acoustic trauma refers to a temporary or permanent hearing loss due to a
sudden, intense acoustic or noise event, such as an explosion.
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Tinnitus describes the condition of "ringing in the ears."
• Individuals often describe the sound as a hum, buzz, roar, ring, or whistle.
• The inner ear or neural system produces the actual sound.
• The predominant cause of tinnitus is long-term exposure to high sound
levels, though it can also be caused by short-term exposure to very high
sound levels, such as gunshots. Non-acoustic events, such as a blow to the
head, dietary issues, stress, jaw joint disorders, debris on the eardrum, or
prolonged use of aspirin may also cause tinnitus.
• Many people experience tinnitus during their lives. Most of the time the
sensation is only temporary, however, it can be permanent and debilitating.
• Diagnosis and treatment of tinnitus can be difficult because it is a subjective
measurement.
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Influence Diagram – Primary Effects - (cont)
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A noise-induced temporary threshold shift (NITTS) is a temporary loss in
hearing sensitivity. NITTS may be the result of:
• The acoustic reflex of the stapedial muscle.
• Short-term exposure to noise.
• Fatigue of the inner ear.
With NITTS, hearing sensitivity will return to the pre-exposed level in a matter of
hours or days, assuming that there is not continued exposure to excessive
noise.
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A noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) is a permanent loss in
hearing sensitivity due to the destruction of sensory cells in the inner ear. This
damage can be caused by:
• Long-term exposure to noise.
• Acoustic trauma.
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Influence Diagram – Effects on Communication and
Performance
The effects of excessive noise exposure on communication and
Performance may include:
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Difficulty understanding speech.
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Annoyance.
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Difficulty concentrating.
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Reduced efficiency.
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Low morale.
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Adverse social behavior.
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Influence Diagram – Other Effects
Other effects of excessive noise exposure may include:
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Quickened pulse rate; increased blood pressure; and narrowing of
the body's blood vessels as a result of noise may, over a long period
of time, place an added burden on the heart.
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Abnormal secretion of hormones.
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Muscle tension.
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Ulcers.
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Loss of sleep.
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Fatigue.
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Stress reactions.
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Influence Diagram – Classified By Cause
Hearing loss may also be categorized in terms of possible cause:
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Presbycusis: Loss caused by the aging process.
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Noise-induced hearing loss.
• Industrial hearing loss: Loss caused by work-related noise exposure.
• Sociacusis: Loss attributed to the noises of everyday life.
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Nosoacusis: Loss attributable to health deficiencies and diseases, including:
• Hereditary progressive deafness.
• Mumps.
• Rubella.
• Meniere's disease.
• Ototoxic drugs and chemicals.
• Barotrauma.
• Trauma from blows to the head.
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