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Directional Terms, Planes & Oral Terms
Directional Terms and Surfaces
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
dorsal vs. ventral
cranial vs. Caudal
anterior vs. posterior
rostral vs. caudal
medial vs. lateral
superior vs. inferior
proximal vs. distal
superficial vs. deep
palmar vs. plantar …..palmar = caudal surface of front paw or foot
Plantar = caudal surface of rear paw or foot
J. flexion vs. extension
Planes and Surfaces….imaginary lines to divide the body into sections
A. Midsaggital or Median plane….…..divides the body into equal right and left
halves
B. Sagittal plane………divides the body into unequal right and left halves
C. Dorsal plane……….divides the body into dorsal (top or back) and ventral (belly)
D. Transverse plane…..divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
Oral Terms
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Arcade……arrangement of teeth
Lingual surface……tongue side
Buccal surface…….cheek side
Occlusal surface…..teeth surfaces that meet when chewing
Labial ……facing the lips
Contact surface…….touch other teeth
Cavity……hole or hollow space
Positional Terms
A. recumbent = lying down
1. dorsal recumbency = lying on back
2. ventral recumbency = lying on abdomen
3. sternal recumbency = lying on sternum (like ventral)
4. right lateral recumbency = lying on right side
5. left lateral recumbency = lying on left side
6. prone = ventral or sternal recumbency
7. supine = dorsal recumbency
Movement Terms
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
adduction = moving toward the midline
abduction = moving away from the midline
flexion = decrease the angle of a joint
extension = increase the angle of a joint
hyperflexion = extreme decrease in the angle of a joint
hyperextension = extreme increase in the angle of a joint
pronation = rotating a limb so palmar surface is downward
supination = rotating a limb so palmar surface is upward
Misc Terms
A.
B.
C.
D.
genetic = refers to hereditary
congenital = refers to present at birth
anomaly = not normal
tissue = group of cells with similar function and structure
1. four types of tissue
a. epithelial
b. connective
c. nervous
d. muscle ( skeletal, smooth or cardiac )
E. histology = study of tissues
F. plasia = suffix to describe formation of tissue
1. aplasia = lack of development of tissue
2. dysplasia = defective growth in tissue or cells
3. hyperplasia = abnormal increase in tissue or cells
4. hypoplasia = incomplete development in tissue or cells
5. neoplasia = abnormal new growth of tissue or cells
6. tumor = distinct mass of tissue
a. benign = not recurring
b. malignant = growing, spreading and life threatening
c. oma = suffix referring to a tumor
G. trophy = suffix means to increase size of tissue or cells
1. atrophy = decrease size of tissue or cells
2. dystrophy = defective growth in tissue or cells
3. hypertrophy = increase greatly the size of tissue or cells
H. gland = group of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
1. exocrine glands = secretion enters ducts that go to other organs or outside
a. ex: sweat glands; part of pancreas that secretes digestive enzymes
2. endocrine glands = secretion goes directly into bloodstream
a. ex: thyroid gland; part of pancreas that secretes insulin
I. organ = part of the body that performs a special function or functions
J. unilateral = refers to one side
K. bilateral = refers to both sides
L. bicornuate uterus = uterus with 2 horns
Organ Terms
A. Skeletal
1. osteo, arthro, chondro
B. Muscular
1. myo ,tendino, fascio
C. Cardiovascular
1. cardio, arterio, vena, hemato
D. Lymphatic & Immune system
1. lympho, tonsillo, spleno
E. Respiratory system
1. rhino, naso, pharyngo, tracheo, laryngo, pneumo
F. Digestive system
1. mouth = stoma
2. esophagio, gastro, entero, colon, hepato, pancreato
G. Urinary system
1. renal, nephro, uretero, urethral, cysto
H. Nervous system
1. neuro, encephalo, myelo
I. Eyes
1. optho, oculo, opto
J. Ears
1. oto, aural, audito
K. Integument
1. derm, cutaneous
L. Endocrine system
1. adrenal = adreno
2. gonad = gonado
3. thyroid = thyro
M, Reproductive system
1. testes = orchio, orchid, testiculo
2. ovary = ovario, oophoro
3. uterus = hyster, metri, utero