Download S2 Final Exam Review Guide

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Biology Semester 2 Final Exam 16-17
Cell Energetics & Ecology
1. What is an ecosystem?
2. Describe a carnivore, omnivore, and herbivore.
3. Describe decomposers, detrivores, and scavengers.
4. Describe producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers
5. What is a food chain? (Be prepared to read/draw a food chain)
6. What is a food web? (Be prepared to read/draw a food web)
7. Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs.
8. What is the 10% rule between trophic levels?
9. How have humans impacted the environment?
10. How does carbon cycle through an ecosystem?
11. Which organisms undergo photosynthesis?
12. Photosynthesis takes place in which organelle?
13. How does chlorophyll relate to photosynthesis?
14. What is the equation to photosynthesis? (Be able to label the reactants and products)
15. Which organisms undergo cellular respiration?
16. Cellular respiration takes place in which organelle?
17. What is the equation to cellular respiration? (Be able to label the reactants and products)
18. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
19. Explain how ATP is involved in respiration?
Cell Biology
20. Know the parts of the microscope and what the function they play.
21. Which scientists were involved in developing cell theory?
22. What are the three components of the cell theory?
23. Compare and contrast prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells. (Be prepared to label both types of cells)
24. Compare and contrast plant & animal cells. (Be prepared to label both types of cells)
Cell Transport – be able to storyboard how molecules move
25. What are the functions of a cell wall?
26. What are the main functions of the cell membrane? (Be prepared to label a cell membrane)
27. Which cells have a cell membrane?
28. How is a cell membrane selectively permeable?
29. Explain how molecules move for diffusion.
30. Compare and contrast passive and active transport.
31. Compare and contrast the 3 types of passive transport?
32. Explain the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions.
33. If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, which way will water move?
34. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, which way will water move?
35. In terms of osmosis, what would happen to a raisin placed in pure water?
36. In terms of osmosis, what would happen if you poured salt on a cucumber?
37. What happens to an animal cell (salt concentration 0.8%) when placed into a 20% salt
solution?
DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis – Be sure you can transcribe and translate from DNA to Protein.
Match term to definition
37. ______Point mutation
A. A mutation where parts of a chromosome are flipped
38 ______ Deletion
B. A mutation where 2 non-homologous chromosomes exchange information
39 ______ Duplication
C. A strand of DNA makes an identical copy of itself
40 ______ Inversion
D. A gene mutation when one base is exchanged with another
41 ______ Translocation
E. A chromosomal mutation when a section is missing
42 ______ DNA replication
F. A chromosomal mutation when a section is re-copied
43. In DNA, which nitrogen base pairs with cytosine? _______________ With adenine? ________________
44. In RNA, which nitrogen base pairs with adenine? _______________
CGATAGACCGTA
For the above strand of DNA:
45. Number of codons? ________________________________.
46. First three bases for the complementary DNA strand? _______________________________
47. First codon for the mRNA from this DNA? ________________________________
48. Anticodon for the mRNA codon from question 22? _______________________
49. Answer DNA or RNA or both for the following:
Has deoxyribose
____________________
Can leave the nucleus ____________________
Has ribose
____________________
Has cytosine
____________________
Has phosphate groups ____________________
Has guanine
____________________
Single stranded
____________________
Has thymine
____________________
Double stranded
____________________
Has uracil
____________________
50. What must happen to DNA before replication or transcription can occur? _________________________________
51. Label the following DNA or RNA on the lines provided.
_______________________
Why?
_______________________________
Why? ________________________
A
B
52. What is labeled A? _
53. What is labeled B? ______
54. A _________________________ bond holds the two strands of DNA together because it is ____________________.
55. Match the types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) to their function.
Makes a transcribed copy of DNA
________________________________
Carries amino acids to the ribosome
________________________________
Is a major component of the ribosome
________________________________
56. Identify the following as transcription or translation:
Happens in the nucleus
__________________________________________
Happens in the ribosome
__________________________________________
Involves DNA
__________________________________________
Involves tRNA
__________________________________________
Happens first
__________________________________________
Makes mRNA
__________________________________________
Makes proteins (polypeptides) __________________________________________
57. Which type(s) of RNA are needed for protein synthesis?
Genetics
Match the term to the definition.
58. __________Principle of dominance
59. _________ homozygous
60. _________ heterozygous
61. _________ incomplete dominance
62. _________ alleles
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a genotype of RR
different forms of a gene
some alleles are dominant over other alleles
a flower is pink because it has a red and a white allele
an individual with two different alleles
63. What does a Punnett Square show? Actual results of cross or Expected results of cross
64. Whose nickname is “Father of Genetics”?
65. Cross a parent with genotype TT and a parent with genotype Tt. What is the expected percentage of heterozygous
offspring?
Genotype ratio:
Phenotype ratio:
66. Be able to answer questions using Punnett squares.
67. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability? ________________________________________
68. How many chromosomes in a normal human karyotype? _________________________
69. What are the sex chromosomes for a human male? __________ Female? __________
70. a. Why do males suffer from colorblindness, hemophilia, and some other disorders more than females?
b. On which chromosome are the alleles for these conditions located? ____________________________________
c. Are they dominant or recessive? ________________________________
KNOW HOW TO READ PEDIGREES,
71. What is the picture on the right? ____________________
72. What type of inheritance is shown in the diagram?
a. autosomal dominant
b. autosomal recessive
c. sex-linked recessive
d. sex-linked dominant
73. What is the genotype of the father in generation I?
74. What is the genotype of the second oldest child in generation II?
________________________________________________
75. If this were a sex-linked recessive disorder shown, who would be most likely affected? _______________________
Human Body Systems
76. Put the following in order starting with the smallest to largest (1-5):
__________ Organs
__________ Organism
__________ Organ System
__________ Cells
__________ Tissues
77. What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
78. What is another name for a nerve cell? __________________________________________
79. Label the parts of the nerve cell: SOMA (BODY), AXON, DENDRITE, NUCLEUS
80. Match the term to the definition.
__________ Artery
__________ Vein
__________ Capillary
__________ Plasma
__________ Right Atrium
__________ Left Atrium
__________ Right Ventricle
__________ Left Ventricle
__________ Aorta
__________ Platelets
A. Fluid portion of the blood (non-cellular)
B. Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
C. Chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the body through aorta
D. Part of the blood that acts to clot the blood
E. Chamber of the heart that receives blood from the body
F. Chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the lungs
G. Largest artery in the body
H. Blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
I. Blood vessels that connect arteries and veins
J. Chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs
81. Which of the following can plasma transport? (circle all that apply)
A. Food
B. Minerals
C. Hormones
D. Antibodies
Use the following organ systems to answer the questions 82-88.
A. Reproductive
D. Circulatory
G. Digestive
B. Excretory
E. Nervous
H. Respiratory
C. Integumentary
F. Muscular
I. Immune
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
E. Nitrogenous wastes
J. Endocrine
K. Skeletal
__________ Stores minerals, allows for movement, protects organs
__________ Controls short and long term activities with hormones
__________ Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells
__________ Exchanges gases between body and environment
__________ Responds to external and internal stimuli
__________ Produces sex cells
__________ Includes skin, hair, nails
Use the following organs of the digestive system to answer questions 124-128.
A. Stomach
C. Mouth
E. Small intestine
B. Large intestine
D. Esophagus
F. Epiglottis
89.
90.
91.
92.
92.
__________ Villi increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
__________ Protein digestion starts here with aid of gastric juice
__________ Carbohydrate digestion begins here, as well as mechanical digestion of food
__________ Peristalsis is most involved here
__________ Water is removed from wastes
Tips for taking final exams….
1. Whentakingamultiplechoicetest,sometimesyouhavetoguess.Thetrickisknowingatwhatpointto
makeaneducatedguess.Firsteliminateanswersyouknowarewrongandthenmakeyourguessfromthe
remaininganswers.However,don’tguessifyouhavenobasisforyourchoiceandifyouarepenalizedfor
guessing.Sinceyourfirstchoiceisusuallycorrect,don’tchangeyouranswersunlessyouaresureofthe
correction.
2. Whenstudyingforabigtest,treatvocabularyasoneofthekeystodoingwell.Everyfieldofstudyhas
itsownvocabulary,soyoushouldidentifywordsandtermsusedtorepresentspecificconcepts.Treat
themasyouwouldaforeignlanguage.Makeflashcardsforfrequentdrills,andtrytousethesewords
wheneveryouarestudyingthesubject.
3. Studyingingroupscanbeahelpfulwaytoprepareforanexam.Whenyoustudywithoneortwoother
peopleintheclass,youhaveaccesstothenotestheyhavetakenandthingstheyrecallaboutagroup
discussion.(Threeheadsarebetterthanone!)Spendtimequizzingeachotheronvocabularytermsorkey
conceptsthatyouwillneedtoknow.Youmayevenwanttowriteupasampletestforeachotherto
practice.Anaddedbonustogroupstudyisthatbreaktimecanbealotoffun!
4. Studyin20-minuteintervals.Sometimesstaringatyournotesforhoursonendcouldactuallydodamage
toyourunderstandingandmemory.Studyfor20minutesatatime,takea10-minutebreakandeat
something,andthencomeback.Thingshaveawayofsneakingintoourmindswhilewe’renotthinking
aboutthem!
5. Relax!Closeyoureyesandbreathedeeplyforaminutebeforeyoustartyourtest.DoNOTpanicifyou
can’tgetthefirstquestionrightaway.Ifthere’sacoupleofthingsyouarehavingtroubleremembering,
makeamnemonicdevice(IPartyMondaysandThursdaysforInterphase,Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,
&Telophase)andjotitdownonyouranswersheetwhenyoureceiveit.Thiswayyouwon’tbestressing
tryingtoremembersomethingthatcouldbeincludedinseveralquestions.
6. Askforhelp!Everyoneneedshelpfromtimetotimeandtakingatestisnowdifferent.Ifyouneedalittle
helpunderstandingthequestionitself,asktheteacher.Keepinmind:teacherscannotgiveyouananswer
oracluethatwillgiveyouandanswerbuttheyareheretohelpyouunderstandandbecomebetter
learners.
7. Getplentyofrest!Oneofthebiggestmistakesstudentsofallagesmakeisnotenoughrestthenightbefore
atest.Lookoveryournotesrightbeforeyougotobedandskimthemwhenyouwakeup.Butdonotstay
upallnightbecauseyouthinkcrammingwillhelp.Yourskullisalreadyfull,don’ttrycramminganything
moreintoit.