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BIO 12 EXAM OUTLINE Friday Nov 13, 2015 CHAPTER 21- THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Label a diagram of the male reproductive system Label a diagram of the female reproductive system Trace the pathway the sperm travels in the male body Trace the pathway the egg travels in the female’s body Parts of the male reproductive system and the jobs they perform Parts of the female reproductive system and the functions they perform What causes infertility/ sterility in the male What causes infertility / sterility in the female The Menstrual Cycle- stages, time frames, what activities go on during each stage, hormones involved The hormones of the male and female reproductive system- where produced, what affect they have, positive and negative feedback systems Stages of embryonic development, diagram of embryo and embryonic layers to label Steps involved in the birthing process Methods used to help infertile couples have a baby Procedures used to detect genetic defects in the fetus, how early they can be used The 3 glands that produce semen in a male’s body Roles/ tasks of semen Pregnancy tests- what they contain, how they work Birth Control pills – what they contain, how they work Identical vs fraternal twins Corpus luteum – what it is , why it is important Where fertilization occurs in the female’s body Methods of preventing pregnancy in males and females Similarities/ differences between male ( sperm) and female ( egg) Oogenesis vs spermatogenesis – similarities, differences Ectopic pregnancies- what they are, why the pregnancy does not go full term Evolutionary changes in the development of the reproductive system in the animal kingdom Ways in which the sperm are specially designed for movement Terms/ definitions – umbilical cord, chorion, placenta, amnion, allantois, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm, implantation, fertilization, ovulation, breaking of water, afterbirth, collostrum, endometrium, fimbria, myometrium, embryo, fetus, differentiation, blastocyst, zygote AIDS- what is it, how is it caused, treatment, prevention from getting it( other examples of STDs) CHAPTER 22 - ASEXUAL CELL DIVISION ( MITOSIS) Purpose of mitosis/ why it is important/ examples of asexual cell division in lower organisms stages of mitosis and what happens at each stage label diagrams of the various stages of mitosis put the events of mitosis in the correct order in which they occur factors affecting the rate of mitosis special structures- spindle, centrioles, asters, equator, centromere,vcell plate, furrow - what are they. what do they do, where are they found difference between mitosis in plants versus animals how cancer cells differ from normal cells diploid versus haploid number Cytokinesis- what it is, when it occurs CHAPTER 23 – SEXUAL CELL DIVISION ( MEIOSIS) What is meiosis, why is it important Comparison chart of meiosis and mitosis Comparison chart of Meiosis I and Meiosis II Stages of meiosis and what happens in each stage Label diagrams of the various stages of meiosis Match description with stage of meiosis Draw diagrams to show the difference between prophase I and prophase II, metaphase I and metaphase II, anaphase I and anaphase II, telophase I and telophase II Sequencing activity on stages of meiosis Spermatogenesis vs oogenesis What is nondisjunction; factors that may increase the risk Nondisjunctive disorders- Down’s syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome, Kleinfelter’s Syndrome, supermale- sketches to show how they come about, physical traits, characteristics, karyotypes, rate at which they occur in a population Male and female sex chromosomes- what they look like, how they are different The cell cycle and what happens at each stage Terms/ definitions - crossing over, segregation, homologous chromosomes, chromatids, centromere, synapsis, monosomy, trisomy CHAPTER 10- THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Purpose of the endocrine system, why important Label a diagram of the human body to show where the endocrine glands are located 2 types of hormones – steroid, protein – similarities, differences, methods of action Characteristics of hormones/ how they reach their target cells Hormones produced in each gland, their target tissues, functions performed by each hormone Positive and negative feedback loops of all the hormones studied Disorders of the endocrine system – giantism, dwarfism, acromegaly, goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing’s disease, Addison’s Disease , diabetes – how they are caused, symptoms experienced, long term complications, how treated What gland is the master gland and why? Role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system Interplay between insulin and glucagon in controlling blood sugars Terms- anterior, posterior, cortex, medulla, islets of Langerhans, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, hyperactivity, hypoactivity Contributions of Banting and Best to the study of diabetes CHAPTER 11 – THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Ways in which the nervous system is different from the endocrine system Divisions of the nervous system – chart, differences between each one, what is included in each one, jobs performed by each, what would happen if injury occurred in each one Label a diagram of the parts of a neuron The parts of the neuron and the functions/ jobs they perform 3 types of neurons- what do they do, how different in structure, identify in pictures Factors that affect the strength of a response Reflex arc- label diagram Reflex arc - sequence the steps, examples of reflexes, characteristics of reflexes Events of synaptic transmission- explain or sequence the events in the correct order, the role that cholinesterase plays, diagram to label Jobs performed by the spinal cord Label a diagram of the structures of the human brain 4 lobes of the cerebrum, functions performed in each, how damage to each lobe would affect you Know jobs performed in each part of the brain( matching exercise) Know how alcohol/ drugs affect each part of the brain Long term affects of alcoholism on the brain and the rest of the body ECG, EEG, MRI, BEAM diagnostic tools – what are they, who invented them, year invented, what they diagnose or what are they useful for, problems or complications The 4 lobes of the brain- where located, different functions performed in each lobe Stroke- what it is, how it’s caused, warning signs, symptoms, FACT 2 hemispheres of the brain and difference in their roles/ jobs Action potential graph to label and know what is happening at each stage of the graph Nervous system disorders- MS, stroke, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, depression, meningitis, epilepsy – what they are, symptoms, cause, treatments, neurotransmitter chemical involved in each case Terms/ definitions – action potential, polarization, depolarization, repolarization, refractory period, threshold level, all-or-none response, neurotransmitter, synapse, resting membrane, corpus callosum, convolutions, neurilemma, grey matter, white matter The role of the sodium/ potassium pump in passing an impulse along a neuron, diagrams of resting membrane, action potential, and recovery membrane Action potential graph – be able to label parts of the graph and explain in words what’s happening at each step 3 ways the brain and spinal cord are protected from damage/ injury Interplay between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system in controlling the fight & flight response Ways to prevent/ lessen your risks of Alzheimer’s Contributions of Dr Penfield to brain mapping, epilepsy research ** USE ALL TESTS, QUESTIONS, ASSIGNMENTS, HANDOUTS, DIAGRAMS, CHAPTER HANDOUTS, ACTIVITIES FROM CHAPTERS 21, 22, 23, 10, AND 11, TO PREPARE FOR THIS EXAM. ** THERE WILL BE CHOICES ON THE EXAM. DO ONLY THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF QUESTIONS. DOING EXTRA QUESTIONS WILL NOT RESULT IN RECEIVING EXTRA MARKS. ** EXAM FORMAT: THE EXAM COULD INCLUDE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: Matching exercises Diagrams to label Multiple choice questions Short answer questions Charts to fill in Distinguish betweens Thought questions/ applications of work studied True and false( be prepared to change the false statements to make them true) Sequencing exercises – put events in the correct order in which they occur Negative / positive feedback sketches to draw Karyotypes – to identify nondisjunction disorder and sex of individual Sketches of nondisjunction occurring for you to interpret Fill ins Doctor/ patient scenario for you to help diagnose problem Sketches of stages of mitosis/ meiosis to draw and label