Download SOL Review Workbook

The Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) Name_____________________________________________ World History I: Benchmark Review
STANDARD WHI.2a: Early Man • The life of early hunter-­‐gatherer societies was shaped by their physical environment; their survival depended on there being lots of plants and animals around • Homo sapiens (early man) emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago o They migrated from Africa to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas First emerge Homo in Dates: Sapiens __________ Where did Homo sapiens migrate? • Early human societies, through the development of culture, began to overcome the limits set by the environment • Characteristics of Paleolithic Man (Old Stone Age): o Nomadic (moved around in search of food, water, shelter) o Invented the first tools = SIMPLE STONE TOOLS o Fire o Lived in clans o Developed oral (spoken) language o Created “cave art” Hunter-­‐gatherer Societies of the Paleolithic Era The Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) • The beginning of settled farming (discovery of agriculture), including permanent settlements, was a major step in the advance of civilization o Didn’t have to be nomadic anymore Paleolithic Were ________-­‐ moved from place to place Discovery of ____________ Neolithic Lived in _________ settlements • Characteristics of societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) o Developed agriculture (farming; domesticated plants) o Domesticated animals o Used advanced tools o Weaving (sewing) o Made pottery Neolithic Age Archaeologists and Studying History • Archaeologists study past cultures by finding and looking at human bones, settlements, fossils, and artifacts -­‐ they still finding new things today • Archaeologists use tests, such as radiocarbon dating, to study fossils and artifacts • Stonehenge = site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and finished during the Bronze Age • Aleppo and Jericho = early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists • Catalhoyuk = Neolithic settlement currently being studied in Anatolia (Turkey) Archaeologists Study past ________ What test do archaeologists use to figure out how old fossils and artifacts are once they have found them? [Picture] Started Finished _________ Age _________ Age Where is this monument located? What two early cities were found in this region? Which Neolithic site is currently under excavation (being studied) in this region (Anatolia)? STANDARD WHI.3: Ancient River Valley Civilizations • During the New Stone Age (Neolithic), permanent settlements appeared in river valleys and around the Fertile Crescent. o Rich soil and irrigation waters for farming o Easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples • River valleys were “cradles of civilization” • Early civilizations made major contributions to social, political, and economic process • Mesopotamian Civilization: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Label: Tigris River Euphrates River Mesopotamia Persian Gulf Mediterranean Sea • Egyptian Civilization: Nile River Valley and Nile Delta Label: Nile River Nile Delta Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Sahara Desert • Indian civilization: Indus River Valley Label: Indus River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean • Chinese Civilization: Huang He Valley (East Asia) Politics Label: Huang He River Pacific Ocean China Korea Japan What were some of the benefits of living in river valleys? Society • Hereditary rulers (dynasties of kings, pharaohs) • Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted Hereditary Rulers How was slavery viewed in the ancient world? • World’s first states (city-­‐states, kingdoms, empires) • Centralized government (often based on religious authority) • Written law codes (Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi) Centralized Government based on _________ authority Kingdoms City States Babylonian Code of Laws Empires Hebrew Code of Laws Written Legal Codes Development of economic patterns •
•
•
•
•
Metal tools and weapons (bronze, iron) = BETTER tools and weapons Increasing agricultural surplus (due to better tools, plows, irrigation) Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phoenicians) Development of the world’s first cities Development of the practice of slavery in the ancient world among most cultures, taking various forms Metal Tools and Weapons = Better Tools Agricultural Surplus Increasing Trade Development of world's first __________ Spread of Judaism • Exile • Diaspora Development of religious traditions • Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations • Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations • Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews Polytheistic many gods Monotheistic one god Development of language and writing in Ancient River Civilizations Hebrews and Judaism • The Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia) • The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – religions that changed the world. The Hebrews were the first to become monotheists Origins of Judaism: • Abraham • Moses • Jerusalem Important people of Judaism Important city of Judaism Abraham Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism: • Belief in one God (monotheism) • Torah, which contains written records and beliefs of Jews • Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct Believe in ______ god Holy Book ____________ Judaism spready by Religious Law _____ _____________ •
•
•
•
Pictograms (earliest written symbols) Hieroglyphics (Egypt) Cuneiform (Sumer) Alphabet (Phoenicians) STANDARD WHI.4a: The Persian Empire • Built one of the largest empire in the world; built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations • Zoroastrianism was the main Persian religion, although other religions were tolerated Practice of Zoroastrianism: • Religion of Persia • Belief in two opposing forces in the universe • Monotheism influenced other religions (Judaism, Christianity) Persian Empire: • Tolerance of conquered people • Development of an imperial bureaucracy (provinces, governors) • Construction of a road system (Royal Road) How did the Persian Empire treat conquered peoples? What did the Persians build to better manage their large empire? God of Zoroastrianism Prophet of Zoroastrianism Imperial Bureaucracy Holy Text of Zoroastrianism How did Zoroastrianism influence the development of other religions? STANDARD WHI.4b: Ancient India • Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and through the Indian subcontinent • Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion difficult. • Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided invasion and migration routes into the Indian subcontinent. • The Indus and Ganges were the important rivers in the Indian subcontinent Label: Himalaya Hindu Kush Khyber Pass Indus River Ganges River Indian Ocean What affect did these physical barriers have on Ancient India? Indus River Valley Civilization • Harappa and Mohenjo-­‐Daro What river valley did early Indian cities begin in? Aryans (Indo-­‐Aryans): • The Indo-­‐Aryan people migrated into and invaded India through mountain passes • Asserted dominance over the Dravidians • Caste system influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations How did the Aryans migrate into India? How did the Aryan migration affect Indian society? Mauryan Empire – Asoka: The Caste System • Contributed political unification of much of India • Contributions o Spread of Buddhism o Free hospitals o Veterinary clinics o Good roads How did Asoka help spread Buddhism to Asia? Gupta Empire: • During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world civilization. • Contributions o Math (concept of zero) o Medical advances (setting broken bones) o Astronomy (earth is round) o New textiles (cloth) o Literature Asoka Who ruled during the Golden Age of India? What were some of the cultural and scientific contributions of the Gupta Dynasty? Hinduism Buddhism • Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India • Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Goal: Reach Nirvana (state of eternal bliss) o Four Noble Truths o Eightfold Path to Enlightenment • Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia Major beliefs of Hinduism: • Belief in many forms of one major God • Reincarnation: cycles of rebirth based upon karma • Karma: knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences • Vedas and Upanishads: sacred writings • Spread along major trade routes Life Earn ______ _______________ (next life) Holy Texts of Hinduism To spread: Enlightened One How did Hinduism spread? Siddhartha Gautama Asoka sent: There is suffering Suffering has an cause Four Noble Truths Suffering can end There is a way out of suffering STANDARD WHI.4e/f: Ancient China • Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated. • Invaders entered China from the North – the Great Wall was built for China’s protection • Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. • Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were important in the formation of Chinese culture • Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North – The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions • The Silk Road facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties. Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just. What was the Mandate of Heaven? Ruling Families Qin Shi Huangdhi What are the two major teachings of Buddhism? Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in China What was the major trade route of China that stretched across Asia to the Mediterranean basin? Belief that humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness, still used in Chinese society today Emphasis on education Ancestor worship Beliefs of Confucianism Impact of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values • Humility • Simple life and inner peace • Harmony with nature Contributions of classical China: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Civil service system Paper Porcelain Silk Beliefs of Taoism (Daoism) Contributions of Classical China Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia Where did Buddhism originate? STANDARD WHI.5: Ancient Greece • The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization • The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization led to the Economic and Social Development • Agriculture o Limited arable (farmable) land • Spread of Hellenic culture through trade • Shift from barter to money economy (coins) What did a lack of arable land force the Greeks to do? Political Development • Mountainous terrain = development of independent city-­‐states • Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life • Colonization was prompted by over-­‐population and the search for arable land How did the mountainous terrain of Greece affect city-­‐states? What prompted colonization? Polis spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas Label: Aegean Sea, Greece, Asia Minor, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Dardanelles, Athens, Sparta, and Troy Greek Mythology Greek Government • Based on polytheistic religion • Offered explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events • Important to culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece • Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-­‐states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy) • Classical Athens developed first democratic system of government – foundation for modern democracies. Social Structure and Citizenship in the Greek Polis • Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility to participate in government o Responsibilities: taxes, military, government participation • Women, foreigners, and slaves had no political rights What does polytheistic mean? Greek Gods and Goddesses • Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Aphrodite • Symbols and images in Western literature, art, and architecture Zeus: Hera: Apollo: Artemis: Athena: Aphrodite: What were the responsibilities of citizenship in the Greek Polis? Citizenship in the Greek Polis No Political Political Rights Rights Athens • Stages in the evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, Oligarchy (Aristocracy), Tyranny, Democracy M-­‐O-­‐T-­‐D • Origin of democratic principles: direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen Monarchy Aristocracy/ Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy What were the democratic principles of the city-­‐state Athens? Sparta • Oligarchy/Aristocracy (rule by a small group) • Rigid social structure • Militaristic and aggressive society What kind of government did Sparta have? What did the people of Sparta focus on? Importance of Persian Wars (499-­‐449 BC) • Persian Wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire • Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea • Spartan defeat at Thermopylae gave rest of Greeks enough time to evacuate and regroup • The Greeks defeated the Persian Empire and preserved their political independence • Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture Marathon Thermopylae Persians attack Greece Salamis Athens gets control of Persians Defeated What city-­‐states did the Persian Wars bring together? Athens forms the Delian League and forces others to join – Sparta forms the Peloponnesian League to counter Athens Importance of Peloponnesian War (431-­‐404 BC) • Caused by competition for control of Greek world: Athens and the Delian League vs. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League • Resulted in slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power Peloponnesian War
Which group won the Peloponnesian War? What was the impact of the Peloponnesian War? Golden Age of Athens under Pericles (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars) • Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had an equal voice • Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; Parthenon is an example of the reconstruction How did Pericles extend democracy? Who had the right to vote? Pericles was responsible for the construction of the Parthenon – to what goddess was this temple dedicated? Contributions of Greek culture to Western Civilization •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles Poetry: Homer (Iliad, Odyssey) History: Herodotus, Thucydides Sculpture: Phidias Architecture: Types of columns, including Doric (Parthenon), Ionic, Corinthian Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates Math: Euclid, Pythagoras Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Drama • _____________________ • _____________________ Poetry • ___________ • Wrote: ______, _________ History • ______________ = Father of History • ______________ (Peloponnesian War) Label the following Greek columns: Doric = Dull Ionic = has eyes Corinthian = crazy Philosophy
Sculpture Science Math • ___________ -­‐ known for his Athena and Zeus statues • ______________: worked with levers and pulleys • ______________ = Father of Medicine • __________ = Father of Geometry • ________________: Pythagorean Theorem Socrates Plato Aristotle • Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses during the Peloponnesian Wars • Alexander the Great adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout his vast empire Philip II, King of Macedon • Conquered most of Greece Why was Phillip able to defeat the Greeks when the Persians had failed? Hellenistic Age • Blend of Greek and oriental (Persian, Indian, Egyptian) elements • Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade What cultural influences were included in the Hellenistic culture? How was this culture spread? STANDARD WHI.6: Ancient Rome • The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin • The Italian peninsula was protected by the sea and the Alps Mountains Locations and Places • Rome: centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps: Protection • Mediterranean Sea: Protection, trade Alexander the Great • Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the edges of India • Extended Greek cultural influences How did Alexander spread Greek culture? What river was the eastern boundary of Alexander’s Empire? Roman Mythology Roman Government • Based on Greek polytheistic religion • Explained natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events • Important to culture, politics, and art Describe Roman mythology: Roman Gods and Goddesses • Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, Venus • Symbols and images in literature, art, and architecture • Although women, most foreigners (non-­‐Romans living in the Republic), and slaves were excluded from the governing process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy, which became the foundation of modern democracy Patricians Social Structure in the Roman Republic • Patricians = powerful nobility (minority) • Plebeians = common people (majority) • Slaves = not based on race Citizenship • Patrician and Plebeian men • Selected foreigners Plebeians • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship = taxes, military service Jupiter: Juno: Apollo Minerva: Citizens of Roman Republic Diana: Venus: Slaves Features of Democracy • Representative democracy • The Senate – 300 patricians; made laws and ran daily business of the Republic • Consuls – 2 patricians; replaced the king • Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables What is a representative democracy? Roman Democracy Senate Consuls Laws Roman Wars and Culture • After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean Basin, leading to the spread of Roman culture _____________ vs. _________________ First Punic War Who invaded the Italian Peninsula duirng the 2nd war? Who won all 3 wars? Evolution of Roman Empire and spread of Roman Culture • Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) • Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage (264-­‐146 BC) • Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade • Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula during the 2nd Punic war • Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome Cause of the Punic Wars: Fall of the Roman Republic • The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire Causes for the Decline of the Roman Republic • Spread of slavery in the farming system • Migration of small farmers into cities resulted in unemployment • Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar • Devaluation of Roman currency led to inflation Reasons for fall of Roman Republic Slavery Migration of Farmers Julius Caesar Devaluation of Currency How did Julius Caesar come to power? What happened to him? Who made up the 2nd Triumvirate? How did Augustus become emperor? Why was imperial succession a problem for Rome? Pax Romana • Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law, a common money, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire • Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years (2 centuries) of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) • Expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East The Origin and Evolution of the Roman Empire (Imperial Rome) • First Triumvirate (Julius Cesar, Pompey, Crassus) • Julius Caesar: seizure of power, assassination • Augustus Caesar: 2nd Triumvirate (Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus), civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor • Empire: unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military • Failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors Triumvirate = Who made up the First Triumvirate? How long did the Pax Romana last? Who initiated the Pax Romana? Economic Impact of the Pax Romana • Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade • Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads • Promoted prosperity and stability Social Impact of the Pax Romana • Returned stability to social classes • Increased emphasis on the family Political Impact of the Pax Romana • Created a civil service • Developed a uniform rule of law Why did Christianity come into conflict with the Roman Empire? Impacts of the Pax Romana Economic Social Political Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Christianity • Monotheism • Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians • Christian doctrines established by early church councils What is contained in the New Testament? Major Beliefs of Christianity Monotheism Rise of Christianity • The followers of Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, bringing it into conflict with Roman polytheism and eventually changing Western civilization Origins of Christianity • Had its roots in Judaism • Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah • Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire From which religion did Christianity emerge? According to Christians, who is the messiah? Role of Jesus Afterlife Holy Book Spread of Christianity • Popularity of the message – everyone is equal • Early martyrs inspired others – people who died for their beliefs • Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire Why was Christianity popular with the poor of Rome and with women? How did martyrs help spread Christianity? How did the Apostles and Paul help spread the new religion? Impact of the Church of Rome in the Late Roman Empire • As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church of Rome grew in importance, followers, and influence • The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal • Christianity later became the official state religion • The Church became a source of moral authority • Loyalty to the church became more important that loyalty to the emperor • The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe Who legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire? Who made Christianity the official religion of Rome? Roman Contributions • Conquests and trade spread Roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the Empire. • Western civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome • Art and architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum • Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches • Science: achievements of Ptolemy What was Ptolemy’s view of the universe? • Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths, public water systems, medical schools, sewers) • Language: Latin, Romance languages • Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid • Religion: Polytheistic mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion • Law: the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables) Architecture Technology Science • __________ = temple for Roman gods • _____________ = stadium • __________ = central market place • ___________ improved trade/travel • ___________ carried water to cities • ___________ in buildings • ______________ = astronomer and geographer Medicine • Emphasis on public _________ • Public __________ systems • ___________ schools Language • __________ • ______________ languages (Italian, French, Spanish) Literature • _________'s Aeneid Religion Law • __________________ mythology • _______________ • _____________ Tables • _____________ until proven guilty Decline and Fall of Roman Empire • Over a 300 year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal and external problems Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire • Geographic size: difficulty of defense and administration • Economy: the cost of defense, and devaluation of Roman currency • Military: army membership started to include non-­‐Romans, resulting in decline of discipline • Moral decay: people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family • Political problems: civil conflict and weak administration • Invasion: attacks on borders by Germanic tribes Causes for the Decline of the Roman Empire Geography Economy Military Moral Decay Political Problems Invasions Division of the Roman Empire • Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople • Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 AD, when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor • Eastern Roman Empire = Byzantine Empire Which Roman Emperor divided the Roman Empire? What was the capital of the West? What was the capital of the East? When did the Western Empire fall? What did the Eastern Empire become known as? STANDARD WHI.7: Byzantine Empire Constantinople • The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages Location of Constantinople • Protection of the eastern frontier • Distance from Germanic invasions in the western empire • Crossroads of trade • Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by natural harbors Why was the city of Constantinople more secure than Rome? Why was Constantinople such a rich city? Role of Constantinople • Seat of the Byzantine Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453 AD • Preserved classical Greco-­‐Roman culture • Center of trade What culture was preserved in this city? Byzantine Emperor Justinian •
•
•
•
Codification of Roman law (impact on European legal codes) Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity Reconquest of former Roman territories Expansion of trade What was the name of Justinian’s legal code? What territories did Justinian attempt to reclaim? Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture • Inspired by Christian religion and imperial power • Icons = small religions images, often used in worship What is an icon? • Mosaics (pictures made of small colored tiles or pieces of glass) – found in public and religious structures What is a mosaic? • Hagia Sophia = Church of Holy Wisdom (a Byzantine domed church built by Justinian) What is the Hagia Sophia? Byzantine Culture • Continued flourishing of Greco-­‐Roman traditions • Greek language • Greek Orthodox Christianity • Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries How did the Byzantine Empire help to preserve knowledge for the West? Split between Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church • The cultural and political differences between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division Eastern Church • Centered in Constantinople • Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Greek language Western Church • Centered in Rome • Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Latin Division between Western and Eastern Churches • Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West • Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the East • Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West What was this split between East and West called? When did it occur? Who created the Cyrillic alphabet? Why? STANDARD WHI.8a: Islam Origins, Beliefs, and Spread of Islam Western Church Eastern Church Byzantine Influence on Russia and Eastern Europe • Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture, and trade • Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea • Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe • Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) • Church architecture (domed churches) and religious art (icons) • The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith • Muhammad and his followers spread Islam • Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinctive Muslim culture Origins o
f Islam • Muhammad, the Prophet • Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities Important Important people of ci<es of Islam Islam Spread of Islam • Across Asia and Africa and into Spain • Geographic extent of first Muslim empire Islamic Influence How far did Islam spread? Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam •
•
•
•
Monotheism: Allah (Arabic word for God) Qur’an (Koran): the Word of God Five Pillars of Islam = duties of all Muslims Acceptance of Judeo-­‐Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus • In the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires • Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity Major Beliefs of Islam Monotheism Holy Book The Five Pillars
Five Pillars Judeo-­‐
Christian Prophets Geographic Influences on the Origin and Spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca to Medina • Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers • Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires What were some geographical features that had to be overcome in the spread of Islam? Weak Byzantine and Persian empires allowed Muslim rule to spread into: Geographic influence on Economic, Social, and Political Development • Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-­‐lived – fighting over who should be Caliph after Muhammad died • Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands • Slavery was not based on race What did people begin fighting over after Muhammad died? What language spread with Islam and facilitated trade? Turning Points of Islamic Civilization Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization • Death of Ali: Sunni-­‐Shi’a Division o Sunni Muslims believed the Caliph should be chosen by the leaders o Shi’a Muslims believed the Caliph must be a direct descendant of Muhammad • Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus – Led to the Crusades • Islamic capital moved to Baghdad by the Abbasid Dynasty • Muslim defeated at the Battle of Tours by Christian army (Charles Martel) • Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Sunni Shi'a Caliph Caliph What impact did the Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus have? Which dynasty moved the Islamic capital to Baghdad? Which group defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours? Why was this important? Contributions of Islamic Civilization Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization Cultural Contributions and Achievements • Architecture (Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem) • Mosaics • Arabic Alphabet • Universities • Translations of ancient texts into Arabic What is the name of this shrine located in Jerusalem? List some of the cultural contributions of Islamic civilization: Scientific Contributions and Achievements • Arabic numbers (got from India, including zero) • Algebra • Medicine • Geography • As Roman authority declined, Church authority grew • Monasteries preserved Greco-­‐Roman cultural achievements by copying ancient texts • Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes • Parish priests served religious and social needs of people List some of the scientific contributions of Islamic civilization: How did monasteries preserve cultural achievements and spread Christianity? What role did parish priests play in the lives of people? STANDARD WHI.9: The Early Middle Ages • The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying force in Western Europe • During the Middle Ages, the Pope picked the emperors, missionaries carried Christianity to the Germanic tribes, and the Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people Foundations of early medieval society Foundations of Medieval Society Influence of the Roman Catholic Church The Pope anointing Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor” united __________ and _____________ in Western Europe. Feudalism • The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasions, so they entered into feudalism with landholding lords who promised them protection o Fiefs = pieces of land given to vassals o Vassals = given land in exchange for loyalty, military service, and taxes o Serfs = peasants who are bound to the manor and local lord o Feudal obligations = loyalty, military service, and taxes • Classical heritage of Rome • Christian beliefs • Customs of Germanic tribes • Pope anointed Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor” in 800 AD Lord King Lords Knights Peasants/
Serfs Vassal Vassal Promises Why were people willing to give up their freedom and enter the feudal system? • Manorial System in the Middle Ages o Manor = land outside the castle walls o Rigid class structure o Self-­‐sufficient manors How were the manors self-­‐
sufficient? The Franks and Charlemagne • Frankish kings used military power to expand their territory • The alliance between Frankish kings and the Church re-­‐established Roman culture (Christianity) in Western Europe Age of Charlemagne • Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe • The Pope crowed Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor -­‐ Power of the Church was re-­‐established in political life • Roman culture was revived • Most of Western Europe was included in the new empire • Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire Why was the Pope crowning Charlemagne important? What were some ways that Charlemagne tried to improve his empire? Invasions of Western Europe • Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe Areas of Settlement • Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England • Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary • Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings • Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system • Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened How did foreign invasions impact life in Western Europe? STANDARD WHI.10a: Major Trade Patters • During the medieval period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa, and Asia. Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 A.D. Silk routes across China and Asia to the Mediterranean basin Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean Trans-­‐Saharan routes across North Africa Northern European links with the Black Sea Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia •
•
•
•
•
What trade patterns are shown in this picture? What trade patterns are shown in this picture? What trade route connected China with the rest of Asia and the Mediterranean basin? What desert did the trans-­‐Saharan trade routes cross? • Regional trade networks and long-­‐distance trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere aided the diffusion and exchange of technology and culture among Europe, Africa, Asia What did regional and long-­‐distance trade routes help to spread? Goods Traded • Gold from West Africa • Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean • Porcelain from China & Persia • Amber from the Baltic Region • Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe Technology • Paper from China through Muslim World to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (like making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills from the Middle East • Navigation: compass from China, lateen sail from Indian Ocean region Ideas • Spread of religions across the hemisphere o Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan o Hinduism and Buddhism form India to Southwest Asia o Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia • Printing and paper money from China Gold Spices Porcelain Amber Textiles Paper New Crops Waterwheels and Windmills Compass Lateen sail Islam Buddhism Hinduism Printing and Paper Money STANDARD WHI.12: High Middle Ages Emergence of Nation-­‐States England • William the Conqueror united most of England under Norman rule in 1066 AD at the Battle of Hastings • Common law had its beginnings during the rule of Henry II • King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power • The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation Who was William the Conqueror? What did King Henry II establish? What was the impact of the Magna Carta? Who signed it? France • Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and made the office hereditary -­‐ gradually expanded control over most of France • Victory in the Hundred Year’s War between England and France helped define France as a nation o Joan of Arc was a unifying factor by leading the French to victory at the Battle of Orleans Who was Hugh Capet? Why was Joan of Arc important? Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews (Inquisition) and Muslims (Reconquista) • Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V Which two monarchs unified Spain? What two movements did Spain use to expel the Jews and Muslims? Charles V expanded the Spanish Empire in which hemisphere? Russia • Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation • Power was centralized in the hands of the Czar (Tsar) • The Orthodox Church influenced unification – brought them closer to the Byzantine Empire What group did Ivan the Great free Russia from? What was the religion of Russia? The Crusades • The Crusades were a series of wars carried out by Christians to take control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims • Key events: o Pope Urban’s speech in 1095, calling on Christians to fight in the Crusades ! Promised sins would be forgiven and all Crusaders would go to Heaven o The capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade o Founding of Crusader states o Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin, leading to the Third Crusade o Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade How did Pope Urban II encourage Christians to go on the first Crusade? Did the Christians take back Jerusalem? Did they keep it? What happened during the Fourth Crusade? Effects of the Crusades • Weakened the Pope and Church; strengthened monarchs • Increased trade between Mediterranean and Middle East • Led to bitterness and fighting between Christians, Jews, and Muslims • Weakened the Byzantine Empire How did the Crusades impact the power of the Pope? Monarchs? How did the Crusades impact trade? How did the Crusades impact relations between Christians, Jews, and Muslims? How did the Crusades impact the Byzantine Empire? Mongols • Horseback-­‐riding nomads who originated in Central Asia • Invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside • Created the largest contiguous empire in the world Where did the Mongols originate? What areas did the Mongols invade? Constantinople • Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire • Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire (renamed Istanbul) Who defeated the Byzantine Empire? What was the city of Constantinople renamed after it became the Turkish capital? The Black Death • In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) destroyed the population of much of Asia and Europe o Originated in Asia, but spread to Europe through trade routes (carried by rats and fleas) • Impact of the plague: o Decline in population o Decline in trade o Scarcity of labor o Ended feudalism o Decline of Church influence Where did the plague originate? How did the plague spread? How did the plague impact the population of Europe? How did the plague impact labor? How did the plague impact feudalism? How did the plague impact trade? How did the plague impact the Church? STANDARD WHI.13: The Renaissance Impact of the Crusades •
•
•
•
Crusades increased demand for products from the Middle East Increased production of goods to trade to the Middle East Encouraged the use of credit and banking Increased contact with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. How did the Crusades impact trade and the economy of Europe? The Rise of the Renaissance Machiavelli’s The Prince • An guide book for government rulers on how to get and keep power in a republic o Absolute power o Do good if possible, but do evil when necessary o It is better to be feared than loved o The end justifies the means Machiavelli's The Prince • Began in the wealthy city-­‐states of northern Italy (Florence, Venice, Genoa) o Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets o Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe o Were initially independent city-­‐states governed as republics Why were the city-­‐states of northern Italy able to become wealthy? How were the northern Italian city-­‐states governed? Renaissance Art and Literature • New ideas were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature • Patrons = rich people who paid artists and writers to create works • Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly (secular) matters, as well as Christianity o Medieval art had only focused on the Church and salvation Medieval Art Renaissance Art •
•
•
•
Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, his notebooks Michelangelo: ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David Raphael: School of Athens Petrarch: Sonnets, humanist scholarship Raphael Leonardo da Vinci What is Petrarch known for? Humanism Michelangelo • Celebrated the individual • Studied classical Greek and Roman art and literature • Supported by wealthy patrons What did Humanism emphasize? What were the ancient influences on Humanism? Northern Renaissance • Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas • Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity o Portrayed religious and secular subjects • The movable type printing press (invented by Johann Gutenberg) and the production and sale of books helped disseminate ideas o First book ever printed = Holy Bible (Gutenberg Bible) o Helped to print books faster and spread ideas farther What did Northern Renaissance thinkers merge? How did Gutenberg help to spread knowledge? Northern Renaissance Writers Influence of Chinese Culture • Erasmus: Dutch humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly • Sir Thomas More: English humanist who wrote Utopia • Writing o Japanese language of Kanji is based on Ancient Chinese writing What is Erasmus known for? What is Sir Thomas More known for? • Architecture STANDARD WHI.10b: Japan • Japanese cultural development was influenced by its proximity to China • Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture Location and Place • Mountainous Japanese archipelago (chain of four main islands) • Sea of Japan is between Japan and the Asian mainland • Close to China and Korea • Buddhism o Buddhism was first introduced to Japan by Chinese traders around the 2nd century BC and by the 1st century AD it was found throughout the country Chinese In.luence on Japan Shinto Zimbabwe • Traditional ethnic religion unique to Japan • Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors • State religion; worship of the emperor • Influenced Japanese art by emphasizing the beauty of the natural world • Coexistence with Buddhism • Located between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, near the Indian Ocean coast • City of “Great Zimbabwe” was the capital of the prosperous trading empire STANDARD WHI.10d: African Kingdoms • Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires were located on the Niger River, south of the Sahara Desert • Controlled the gold and salt trade routes across the Sahara • City of Timbuktu was a center of trade and learning • Religions: Animism and Islam What is the ethnic religion of Japan? Describe the Shinto religion: How did Shinto influence Japanese culture? • African civilizations developed in sub-­‐Saharan west and east Africa • Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere • States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in Southeast Africa Axum • Located in the Ethiopian Highlands, in between the Red Sea and Nile River • Christian kingdom What religion did the kingdom of Axum practice? What two rivers were important to the kingdom of Zimbabwe? What was the economy of Zimbabwe based on? West African Kingdoms What river was central the West African kingdoms? What were the primary trading goods of West Africa? Which city served as a center of trade and learning during the Mali and Songhai empires? What religion had influence over Ghana and became the primary religion during the Mali and Songhai empires? STANDARD WHI.11: Mesoamerican Civilizations • The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central America, and Mexico Mayan Civilization • Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forests • Main Cities: Chichen Itza and Tikal • Groups of city-­‐states ruled by kings • Economy based on farming • Polytheistic: pyramids, human sacrifices Where was the Mayan Empire located? What was the political structure of the Maya Empire? Describe the Mayan religion: What was the Mayan economy based on? Aztec Civilization Located in valley of central Mexico Main city: Tenochtitlan Ruled by an emperor Economy based on farming and tribute from conquered peoples • Polytheistic religion: pyramids, human sacrifices •
•
•
•
In what modern-­‐day country was the Aztec Empire found? What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire? What was the ruler of the Aztecs called? What was the Aztec economy based on? Describe the Aztec religion: Incan Civilization •
•
•
•
•
•
Located in Andes Mountains of South America Main city: Machu Picchu Ruled by an emperor Economy based on high-­‐altitude farming Polytheistic religion Road system Where was the Inca Empire located? What type of ruler did the Inca have? What was the basis of the Incan economy? Describe the Incan religion: Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilization • Calendars • Math • Writing and other record-­‐keeping systems List some of the Mesoamerican achievements: The Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) Name_____________________________________________ World History I: Benchmark Review
STANDARD WHI.2a: Early Man • The life of early hunter-­‐gatherer societies was shaped by their physical environment; their survival depended on there being lots of plants and animals around • Homo sapiens (early man) emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago o They migrated from Africa to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas First emerge Dates: Homo 100,000 in -­‐400,000 Sapiens years ago East Africa Where did Homo sapiens migrate? Europe, Asia, Australia, Americas • Early human societies, through the development of culture, began to overcome the limits set by the environment • Characteristics of Paleolithic Man (Old Stone Age): o Nomadic (moved around in search of food, water, shelter) o Invented the first tools = SIMPLE STONE TOOLS o Fire o Lived in clans o Developed oral (spoken) language o Created “cave art” Hunter-­‐gatherer Societies of the Paleolithic Era Nomads Simple Stone Tools Fire Lived in clans Oral Language Cave Art The Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) • The beginning of settled farming (discovery of agriculture), including permanent settlements, was a major step in the advance of civilization o Didn’t have to be nomadic anymore Paleolithic Were nomads -­‐ moved from place to place Discovery of agriculture Neolithic Lived in permanent settlements • Characteristics of societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) o Developed agriculture (farming; domesticated plants) o Domesticated animals o Used advanced tools o Weaving (sewing) o Made pottery Neolithic Age Domestication of animals Domestication of plants Advanced stone tools [Picture] Weaving Pottery Archaeologists and Studying History • Archaeologists study past cultures by finding and looking at human bones, settlements, fossils, and artifacts -­‐ they still finding new things today • Archaeologists use tests, such as radiocarbon dating, to study fossils and artifacts • Stonehenge = site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and finished during the Bronze Age • Aleppo and Jericho = early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists • Catalhoyuk = Neolithic settlement currently being studied in Anatolia (Turkey) human bones settlements Archaeologists Study past cultures What test do archaeologists use to figure out how old fossils and artifacts are once they have found them? Carbon dating fossils artifacts Started Finished Neolithic Age Bronze Age Where is this monument located? England What two early cities were found in this region? Aleppo and Jericho Which Neolithic site is currently under excavation (being studied) in this region (Anatolia)? Catalhoyuk STANDARD WHI.3: Ancient River Valley Civilizations • During the New Stone Age (Neolithic), permanent settlements appeared in river valleys and around the Fertile Crescent. o Rich soil and irrigation waters for farming o Easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples • River valleys were “cradles of civilization” • Early civilizations made major contributions to social, political, and economic process • Mesopotamian Civilization: Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Label: Tigris River Euphrates River Mesopotamia Persian Gulf Mediterranean Sea • Egyptian Civilization: Nile River Valley and Nile Delta Label: Nile River Nile Delta Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Sahara Desert • Indian civilization: Indus River Valley Label: Indus River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean • Chinese Civilization: Huang He Valley (East Asia) Politics Label: Huang He River Pacific Ocean China Korea Japan What were some of the benefits of living in river valleys? Rich soil and irrigation waters; easily protected from invasion Society • Hereditary rulers (dynasties of kings, pharaohs) • Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted Hereditary Rulers How was slavery viewed in the ancient world? • World’s first states (city-­‐states, kingdoms, empires) • Centralized government (often based on religious authority) • Written law codes (Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi) Centralized Government based on religious authority Kingdoms City States Babylonian Code of Laws Hebrew Code of Laws Written Legal Codes Code of Hammurabi •
•
•
•
•
Metal tools and weapons (bronze, iron) = BETTER tools and weapons Increasing agricultural surplus (due to better tools, plows, irrigation) Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phoenicians) Development of the world’s first cities Development of the practice of slavery in the ancient world among most cultures, taking various forms Pharoahs Ten Commandments Development of economic patterns Kings Empires Metal Tools and Weapons = Better Tools Agricultural Surplus Increasing Trade Development of world's first cities Spread of Judaism • Exile • Diaspora Development of religious traditions • Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations • Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations • Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews Polytheistic many gods Monotheistic one god Development of language and writing in Ancient River Civilizations Hebrews and Judaism • The Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of the Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia) • The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – religions that changed the world. The Hebrews were the first to become monotheists Important people of Judaism Abraham Important city of Judaism Moses Jerusalem Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism: • Belief in one God (monotheism) • Torah, which contains written records and beliefs of Jews • Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct Believe in one god Holy Book Torah Diaspora Origins of Judaism: • Abraham • Moses • Jerusalem Judaism spready by Exile Religious Law Ten Commandments •
•
•
•
Pictograms (earliest written symbols) Hieroglyphics (Egypt) Cuneiform (Sumer) Alphabet (Phoenicians) Pictograms Hieroglyphics -­‐ Egypt Cuneiform -­‐ Sumer Phoenician alphabet Practice of Zoroastrianism: STANDARD WHI.4a: The Persian Empire • Built one of the largest empire in the world; built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations • Zoroastrianism was the main Persian religion, although other religions were tolerated • Religion of Persia • Belief in two opposing forces in the universe • Monotheism influenced other religions (Judaism, Christianity) Persian Empire: • Tolerance of conquered people • Development of an imperial bureaucracy (provinces, governors) • Construction of a road system (Royal Road) How did the Persian Empire treat conquered peoples? Tolerantly (fairly) What did the Persians build to better manage their large empire? Road system Imperial Bureaucracy Provinces Governors God of Zoroastrianism • Ahura Mazda Prophet of Zoroastrianism • Zoroaster Holy Text of Zoroastrianism • Zend Avesta How did Zoroastrianism influence the development of other religions? Monotheism (Judaism and Christianity) STANDARD WHI.4b: Ancient India • Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and through the Indian subcontinent • Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion difficult. • Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided invasion and migration routes into the Indian subcontinent. • The Indus and Ganges were the important rivers in the Indian subcontinent Label: Himalaya Hindu Kush Khyber Pass Indus River Ganges River Indian Ocean What affect did these physical barriers have on Ancient India? Made invasion difficult Indus River Valley Civilization • Harappa and Mohenjo-­‐Daro What river valley did early Indian cities begin in? Indus Valley Aryans (Indo-­‐Aryans): • The Indo-­‐Aryan people migrated into and invaded India through mountain passes • Asserted dominance over the Dravidians • Caste system influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations How did the Aryans migrate into India? Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush Mountains How did the Aryan migration affect Indian society? Introduced Caste System Mauryan Empire – Asoka: The Caste System • Contributed political unification of much of India • Contributions o Spread of Buddhism o Free hospitals o Veterinary clinics o Good roads Asoka Bhramin -­‐ Priests Spread Buddhism Kshatriya -­‐ Warriors • During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world civilization. • Contributions o Math (concept of zero) o Medical advances (setting broken bones) o Astronomy (earth is round) o New textiles (cloth) o Literature Sudra -­‐ Commoners/
Peasants/Servants Untouchables Veterinary clincs Good roads How did Asoka help spread Buddhism to Asia? Missionaries Gupta Empire: Viasya -­‐ Merchants/
Landowners Free hospitals Who ruled during the Golden Age of India? Guptas What were some of the cultural and scientific contributions of the Gupta Dynasty? Math (concept of zero), Medicine (setting broken bones, surgery), Astronomy (earth is round, gravity), new textiles, literature Hinduism Buddhism • Hinduism was an important contribution of classical India • Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture and is still practiced in India today • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Goal: Reach Nirvana (state of eternal bliss) o Four Noble Truths o Eightfold Path to Enlightenment • Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia Major beliefs of Hinduism: • Belief in many forms of one major God • Reincarnation: cycles of rebirth based upon karma • Karma: knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences • Vedas and Upanishads: sacred writings • Spread along major trade routes Earn Karma Life Reincarnation (next life) To spread: Buddhism Upanishads How did Hinduism spread? Trade routes Buddha Enlightened One Holy Texts of Hinduism Vedas Siddhartha Gautama Missionaries Asoka sent: There is suffering Suffering has an cause Four Noble Truths Suffering can end There is a way out of suffering STANDARD WHI.4e/f: Ancient China • Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated. • Invaders entered China from the North – the Great Wall was built for China’s protection • Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C. • Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism were important in the formation of Chinese culture • Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North – The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions • The Silk Road facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties. Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just. What was the Mandate of Heaven? Rulers received blessing from gods and got to rule for as long as their rule was just (Dynastic Cycle) Ruling Dynasties Families Qin Shi Huangdhi What are the two major teachings of Buddhism? Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path Great Wall of China Impact of Confucianism in forming the social order in China What was the major trade route of China that stretched across Asia to the Mediterranean basin? Silk Road Belief that humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness, still used in Chinese society today Emphasis on education Ancestor worship Beliefs of Confucianism Humans are good Respect for elders Code of Politeness Civil service system Paper Porcelain Silk Civil Service System Ancestor Worship • Humility • Simple life and inner peace • Harmony with nature Beliefs of Taoism (Daoism) Contributions of Classical China Paper Porcelain Humility Simple life & Inner peace Harmony with nature Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism Silk Emphasis on Education Impact of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values Contributions of classical China: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia Where did Buddhism originate? India STANDARD WHI.5: Ancient Greece • The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization • The expansion of Greek civilization through trade and colonization led to the Economic and Social Development • Agriculture o Limited arable (farmable) land • Spread of Hellenic culture through trade • Shift from barter to money economy (coins) What did a lack of arable land force the Greeks to do? Political Development • Mountainous terrain = development of independent city-­‐states • Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life • Colonization was prompted by over-­‐population and the search for arable land How did the mountainous terrain of Greece affect city-­‐states? Development of independent city-­‐states What prompted colonization? Over-­‐population and search for arable land Polis spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas Label: Aegean Sea, Greece, Asia Minor, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Dardanelles, Athens, Sparta, and Troy Greek city-­‐
state Greek Mythology Greek Government • Based on polytheistic religion • Offered explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events • Important to culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece • Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-­‐states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy) • Classical Athens developed first democratic system of government – foundation for modern democracies. Social Structure and Citizenship in the Greek Polis • Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility to participate in government o Responsibilities: taxes, military, government participation • Women, foreigners, and slaves had no political rights What does polytheistic mean? Believe in many gods Greek Gods and Goddesses • Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Aphrodite • Symbols and images in Western literature, art, and architecture Zeus: King of gods Hera: Goddess of Marriage Apollo: God of the sun Artemis: Goddess of the Hunt and Wild Women What were the responsibilities of citizenship in the Greek Polis? Taxes, military service, government participation Citizenship in the Greek Polis Political Rights No Political Rights Athena: Goddess of Wisdom Aphrodite: Goddess of love and beauty Foreigners Slaves Free adult males Athens • Stages in the evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, Oligarchy (Aristocracy), Tyranny, Democracy M-­‐O-­‐T-­‐D • Origin of democratic principles: direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen Monarchy • Rule by a king or queen Aristocracy/ • Rule by a few rich landowners Oligarchy Tyranny • Rule by one person who takes power by force Democracy • Rule by the people What were the democratic principles of the city-­‐state Athens? Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen Sparta • Oligarchy/Aristocracy (rule by a small group) • Rigid social structure • Militaristic and aggressive society What kind of government did Sparta have? Oligarchy What did the people of Sparta focus on? War and military Importance of Persian Wars (499-­‐449 BC) • Persian Wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire • Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea • Spartan defeat at Thermopylae gave rest of Greeks enough time to evacuate and regroup • The Greeks defeated the Persian Empire and preserved their political independence • Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture Thermopylae Marathon Persians Athenian victory attack Greece Persian victory Athens gets Salamis control of Persians Athenian Aegean Sea victory Defeated What city-­‐states did the Persian Wars bring together? Athens and Sparta Athens forms the Delian League and forces others to join – Sparta forms the Peloponnesian League to counter Athens Importance of Peloponnesian War (431-­‐404 BC) • Caused by competition for control of Greek world: Athens and the Delian League vs. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League • Resulted in slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power Peloponnesian War
Which group won the Peloponnesian War? Sparta What was the impact of the Peloponnesian War? Slowing of cultural advance and weakening of Greek political power Athens Sparta Golden Age of Athens under Pericles (between the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars) • Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had an equal voice • Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; Parthenon is an example of the reconstruction How did Pericles extend democracy? Who had the right to vote? Gave all men the right to vote; paid government employees Pericles was responsible for the construction of the Parthenon – to what goddess was this temple dedicated? Athena Contributions of Greek culture to Western Civilization •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles Poetry: Homer (Iliad, Odyssey) History: Herodotus, Thucydides Sculpture: Phidias Architecture: Types of columns, including Doric (Parthenon), Ionic, Corinthian Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates Math: Euclid, Pythagoras Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Drama • Aeschylus • Sophocles Poetry • Homer • Wrote: Iliad, Odyssey Label the following Greek columns: Corinthian Ionic History • Herodotus = Father of History • Thucydides (Peloponnesian War) Doric = Dull Ionic = has eyes Corinthian = crazy Doric Philosophy
Sculpture Science Math • Phidias -­‐ known for his Athena and Zeus statues • Archimedes: worked with levers and pulleys • Hippocrates = Father of Medicine • Euclid = Father of Geometry • Pythagoras: Pythagorean Theorem Socrates Questioned everything; know thyself Plato Student of Socrates; wrote The Republic, started the Academy in Athens Aristotle Student of Plato; tutored Alex the Great; books on every subject • Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses during the Peloponnesian Wars • Alexander the Great adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout his vast empire Philip II, King of Macedon • Conquered most of Greece Why was Phillip able to defeat the Greeks when the Persians had failed? Greeks were weakened by the Peloponnesian War Hellenistic Age • Blend of Greek and oriental (Persian, Indian, Egyptian) elements • Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade What cultural influences were included in the Hellenistic culture? Greek, Persian, Indian, Egyptian How was this culture spread? Trade STANDARD WHI.6: Ancient Rome • The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin • The Italian peninsula was protected by the sea and the Alps Mountains Locations and Places • Rome: centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps: Protection • Mediterranean Sea: Protection, trade Alexander the Great • Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the edges of India • Extended Greek cultural influences How did Alexander spread Greek culture? Trade and conquest What river was the eastern boundary of Alexander’s Empire? Indus Roman Mythology Roman Government • Based on Greek polytheistic religion • Explained natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events • Important to culture, politics, and art Describe Roman mythology: Based on Greek mythology; explained natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events; important to culture, politics, and art Roman Gods and Goddesses • Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, Venus • Symbols and images in literature, art, and architecture Jupiter: King of gods Juno: Goddess of marriage Apollo: God of the sun Minerva: Goddess of wisdom Diana: Goddess of the hunt Venus: Goddess of love and beauty • Although women, most foreigners (non-­‐Romans living in the Republic), and slaves were excluded from the governing process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy, which became the foundation of modern democracy Patricians Social Structure in the Roman Republic • Patricians = powerful nobility (minority) Rich landowners; • Plebeians = common people (majority) upper class • Slaves = not based on race Citizenship • Patrician and Plebeian men • Selected foreigners Plebeians • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship = taxes, military service Common people; lower class Slaves Not based on race Citizens of Roman Republic Patrician men Plebeian men Some foreigners Features of Democracy • Representative democracy • The Senate – 300 patricians; made laws and ran daily business of the Republic • Consuls – 2 patricians; replaced the king • Laws of Rome codified as Twelve Tables What is a representative democracy? Republic – people vote for representatives to make political decisions for them Roman Democracy Senate Consuls Laws 300 2 patricians; Twelve patricians; replaced king Tables made laws Roman Wars and Culture • After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean Basin, leading to the spread of Roman culture Cause of the Punic Wars: Carthage Competition for trade First Punic War Who invaded the Italian Peninsula duirng the 2nd war? Who won all 3 wars? Rome Hannibal Evolution of Roman Empire and spread of Roman Culture • Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) • Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage (264-­‐146 BC) • Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade • Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula during the 2nd Punic war • Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome Rome vs. Fall of the Roman Republic • The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire Causes for the Decline of the Roman Republic • Spread of slavery in the farming system • Migration of small farmers into cities resulted in unemployment • Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar • Devaluation of Roman currency led to inflation Reasons for fall of Roman Republic Slavery Migration of Farmers Julius Caesar Devaluation of Currency How did Julius Caesar come to power? What happened to him? Civil war with Pompey; made dictator for life; assassinated by Senate Who made up the 2nd Triumvirate? Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus How did Augustus become emperor? Defeated Marc Anthony in civil war Why was imperial succession a problem for Rome? Had no peaceful way to choose the next emperor – lots of murder Pax Romana • Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law, a common money, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire • Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years (2 centuries) of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) • Expansion and solidification of the Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East The Origin and Evolution of the Roman Empire (Imperial Rome) • First Triumvirate (Julius Cesar, Pompey, Crassus) • Julius Caesar: seizure of power, assassination • Augustus Caesar: 2nd Triumvirate (Octavian, Marc Anthony, Lepidus), civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome’s first emperor • Empire: unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military • Failure to provide for peaceful succession of emperors Triumvirate = Rule by three military leaders Who made up the First Triumvirate? Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus How long did the Pax Romana last? 200 years (2 centuries) Who initiated the Pax Romana? Augustus Caesar Economic Impact of the Pax Romana • Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade • Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads • Promoted prosperity and stability Social Impact of the Pax Romana • Returned stability to social classes • Increased emphasis on the family Political Impact of the Pax Romana • Created a civil service • Developed a uniform rule of law Why did Christianity come into conflict with the Roman Empire? Christian monotheism conflicted with polytheistic mythology of Rome Impacts of the Pax Romana Economic Uniform system of money; expanded safe trade/travel (built roads); promoted prosperity and stability Social Political Stability in social classes; emphasized the family Civil service system; uniform rule of law Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Christianity • Monotheism • Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God • Life after death • New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians • Christian doctrines established by early church councils What is contained in the New Testament? Life and teachings of Jesus Major Beliefs of Christianity Rise of Christianity • The followers of Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, bringing it into conflict with Roman polytheism and eventually changing Western civilization Origins of Christianity • Had its roots in Judaism • Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah • Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire From which religion did Christianity emerge? Judaism According to Christians, who is the messiah? Jesus of Nazareth Monotheism Role of Jesus Afterlife Holy Book One god Son and incarnation of god Life after death (heaven and hell) Bible (Old/
New Testaments) Spread of Christianity • Popularity of the message – everyone is equal • Early martyrs inspired others – people who died for their beliefs • Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire Why was Christianity popular with the poor of Rome and with women? Preached that all people were equal in the eyes of god and should be treated equally How did martyrs help spread Christianity? People willing to die for belief inspired others and reinforced their beliefs How did the Apostles and Paul help spread the new religion? Carried the teachings of Jesus throughout the Roman Empire Impact of the Church of Rome in the Late Roman Empire • As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church of Rome grew in importance, followers, and influence • The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal • Christianity later became the official state religion • The Church became a source of moral authority • Loyalty to the church became more important that loyalty to the emperor • The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe Who legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire? Constantine Who made Christianity the official religion of Rome? Theodosius Roman Contributions • Conquests and trade spread Roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the Empire. • Western civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome • Art and architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum • Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches • Science: achievements of Ptolemy What was Ptolemy’s view of the universe? Earth was center of the universe • Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths, public water systems, medical schools, sewers) • Language: Latin, Romance languages • Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid • Religion: Polytheistic mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion • Law: the principle of “innocent until proven guilty” (from the Twelve Tables) Architecture Technology Science Medicine • Pantheon = temple for Roman gods • Colosseum = stadium • Forum = central market place • Roads improved trade/travel • Aqueducts carried water to cities • Arches in buildings • Political problems: civil conflict and weak administration • Invasion: attacks on borders by Germanic tribes Causes for the Decline of the Roman Empire • Emphasis on public health • Public water systems • Medical schools Language Literature • Virgil's Aeneid Law • Over a 300 year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal and external problems Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire • Geographic size: difficulty of defense and administration • Economy: the cost of defense, and devaluation of Roman currency • Military: army membership started to include non-­‐Romans, resulting in decline of discipline • Moral decay: people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family • Ptolemy = astronomer and geographer • Latin • Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish) Religion Decline and Fall of Roman Empire • Polytheistic mythology • Christianity • Twelve Tables • Innocent until proven guilty Geography Economy Military Moral Decay Difficult to defend/
administer large empire Rising cose of defense; devaluation of currency Had to hire foreigners; decline in discipline/
training Loss of faith in Rome and the family Political Problems Civil conflict and weak gov't Invasions Attacks on all borders by Germanic tribes Division of the Roman Empire • Move of the capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople • Survival of the Western Roman Empire until 476 AD, when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor • Eastern Roman Empire = Byzantine Empire Which Roman Emperor divided the Roman Empire? Diocletian What was the capital of the West? Rome What was the capital of the East? Constantinople When did the Western Empire fall? 476 AD What did the Eastern Empire become known as? Byzantine Empire STANDARD WHI.7: Byzantine Empire Constantinople • The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages Location of Constantinople • Protection of the eastern frontier • Distance from Germanic invasions in the western empire • Crossroads of trade • Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordered by natural harbors Why was the city of Constantinople more secure than Rome? Distance for Germanic invasions, protection for eastern frontier Why was Constantinople such a rich city? Located on crossroads of trade Role of Constantinople • Seat of the Byzantine Empire until the Ottoman conquest in 1453 AD • Preserved classical Greco-­‐Roman culture • Center of trade What culture was preserved in this city? Greco-­‐Roman Byzantine Emperor Justinian • Codification of Roman law (impact on European legal codes) • Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity • Reconquest of former Roman territories • Expansion of trade What was the name of Justinian’s legal code? Justinian’s Code What territories did Justinian attempt to reclaim? Roman territories in the west Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture • Inspired by Christian religion and imperial power • Icons = small religions images, often used in worship What is an icon? Small religious image • Mosaics (pictures made of small colored tiles or pieces of glass) – found in public and religious structures What is a mosaic? Pictures made of small colored tiles or pieces of glass • Hagia Sophia = Church of Holy Wisdom (a Byzantine domed church built by Justinian) What is the Hagia Sophia? Domed church built by Justinian Byzantine Culture • Continued flourishing of Greco-­‐Roman traditions • Greek language • Greek Orthodox Christianity • Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries How did the Byzantine Empire help to preserve knowledge for the West? Copied ancient text and preserved them in libraries Split between Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church • The cultural and political differences between the Eastern and Western Roman Empires weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division Eastern Church • Centered in Constantinople • Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Greek language Western Church • Centered in Rome • Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital • Use of Latin Division between Western and Eastern Churches • Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West • Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the East • Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West What was this split between East and West called? Great Schism When did it occur? 1054 AD Who created the Cyrillic alphabet? St. Cyril Why? So Slavic people could translate and understand Bible STANDARD WHI.8a: Islam Origins, Beliefs, and Spread of Islam Western Church Rome; Latin; Pope; Celibacy Eastern Church Constantinople; Greek; Emperor/
Patriarch; Priests can marry Byzantine Influence on Russia and Eastern Europe • Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture, and trade • Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea • Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe • Adoption of Greek alphabet for the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) • Church architecture (domed churches) and religious art (icons) • The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith • Muhammad and his followers spread Islam • Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinctive Muslim culture Origins of Islam • Muhammad, the Prophet • Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities Important Important people of cities of Islam Islam Mecca Medina Spread of Islam • Across Asia and Africa and into Spain Muhammad The Five Pillars
• Geographic extent of first Muslim empire Islamic Influence How far did Islam spread? Across Asia, Africa, and into Spain Beliefs, Traditions, and Customs of Islam •
•
•
•
Monotheism: Allah (Arabic word for God) Qur’an (Koran): the Word of God Five Pillars of Islam = duties of all Muslims Acceptance of Judeo-­‐Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus Major Beliefs of Islam Monotheism Holy Book One god -­‐ Allah Qu'ran Five Pillars Duties of all Muslims Judeo-­‐Christian Prophets Accepted (Jesus, Moses) Declaration of faith Daily Prayer Alms Fasting during Ramadan Hajj • In the first three centuries after Muhammad’s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires • Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity Geographic Influences on the Origin and Spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca to Medina • Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers • Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires What were some geographical features that had to be overcome in the spread of Islam? Deserts, mountains, great distances Weak Byzantine and Persian empires allowed Muslim rule to spread into: Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia Geographic influence on Economic, Social, and Political Development • Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-­‐lived – fighting over who should be Caliph after Muhammad died • Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands • Slavery was not based on race What did people begin fighting over after Muhammad died? Who should be his successor What language spread with Islam and facilitated trade? Arabic Turning Points of Islamic Civilization Major historical turning points marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization • Death of Ali: Sunni-­‐Shi’a Division o Sunni Muslims believed the Caliph should be chosen by the leaders o Shi’a Muslims believed Caliph Caliph the Caliph must be a direct descendant of Muhammad Direct Chosen by descendant leaders of Muhammad • Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus – Led to the Crusades • Islamic capital moved to Baghdad by the Abbasid Dynasty • Muslim defeated at the Battle of Tours by Christian army (Charles Martel) • Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Sunni Shi'a What impact did the Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus have? Led to the Crusades Which dynasty moved the Islamic capital to Baghdad? Abbasid Which group defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours? Why was this important? Christians – stopped the advance of Islam into Western Europe Contributions of Islamic Civilization Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization Cultural Contributions and Achievements • Architecture (Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem) • Mosaics • Arabic Alphabet • Universities • Translations of ancient texts into Arabic What is the name of this shrine located in Jerusalem? Dome of the Rock List some of the cultural contributions of Islamic civilization: Architecture (mosques), mosaics, Arabic alphabet, universities, translations of texts into Arabic Scientific Contributions and Achievements • Arabic numbers (got from India, including zero) • Algebra • Medicine • Geography • As Roman authority declined, Church authority grew • Monasteries preserved Greco-­‐Roman cultural achievements by copying ancient texts • Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes • Parish priests served religious and social needs of people List some of the scientific contributions of Islamic civilization: Arabic numbers, algebra, medicine, geography How did monasteries preserve cultural achievements and spread Christianity? Copied ancient texts; missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes What role did parish priests play in the lives of people? Served religious and social needs of people STANDARD WHI.9: The Early Middle Ages • The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying force in Western Europe • During the Middle Ages, the Pope picked the emperors, missionaries carried Christianity to the Germanic tribes, and the Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people Foundations of early medieval society Christian beliefs Influence of the Roman Catholic Church • The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasions, so they entered into feudalism with landholding lords who promised them protection o Fiefs = pieces of land given to vassals o Vassals = given land in exchange for loyalty, military service, and taxes o Serfs = peasants who are bound to the manor and local lord o Feudal obligations = loyalty, military service, and taxes Foundations of Medieval Society Classical heritage of Rome The Pope anointing Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor” united Church and politics in Western Europe. Feudalism • Classical heritage of Rome • Christian beliefs • Customs of Germanic tribes • Pope anointed Charlemagne “Holy Roman Emperor” in 800 AD Germanic customs King Lords Gave land to vassals Knights Peasants/
Serfs Why were people willing to give up their freedom and enter the feudal system? Freedom Lord Vassal Vassal Promises Loyalty, military service, and taxes • Manorial System in the Middle Ages o Manor = land outside the castle walls o Rigid class structure o Self-­‐sufficient manors How were the manors self-­‐
sufficient? Peasants/Serfs made or grew everything they and the nobles needed The Franks and Charlemagne • Frankish kings used military power to expand their territory • The alliance between Frankish kings and the Church re-­‐established Roman culture (Christianity) in Western Europe Age of Charlemagne • Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe • The Pope crowed Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor -­‐ Power of the Church was re-­‐established in political life • Roman culture was revived • Most of Western Europe was included in the new empire • Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire Why was the Pope crowning Charlemagne important? United church and politics What were some ways that Charlemagne tried to improve his empire? Built churches, roads, and schools Invasions of Western Europe • Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe Areas of Settlement • Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England • Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary • Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings • Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system • Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened How did foreign invasions impact life in Western Europe? Reinforced and strengthened the feudal system, disrupted trade, towns declined STANDARD WHI.10a: Major Trade Patters • During the medieval period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa, and Asia. Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 A.D. Silk routes across China and Asia to the Mediterranean basin Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean Trans-­‐Saharan routes across North Africa Northern European links with the Black Sea Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia •
•
•
•
•
What trade patterns are shown in this picture? Western European sea and river trade routes What trade patterns are shown in this picture? Maritime routes across Indian Ocean What trade route connected China with the rest of Asia and the Mediterranean basin? Silk Road What desert did the trans-­‐Saharan trade routes cross? Sahara • Regional trade networks and long-­‐distance trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere aided the diffusion and exchange of technology and culture among Europe, Africa, Asia What did regional and long-­‐distance trade routes help to spread? Technology and culture Goods Traded • Gold from West Africa • Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean • Porcelain from China & Persia • Amber from the Baltic Region • Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe Technology • Paper from China through Muslim World to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (like making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills from the Middle East • Navigation: compass from China, lateen sail from Indian Ocean region Ideas • Spread of religions across the hemisphere o Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan o Hinduism and Buddhism form India to Southwest Asia o Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia • Printing and paper money from China Gold Spices Porcelain Amber Textiles Paper New Crops Waterwheels and Windmills Compass Lateen sail Islam Buddhism Hinduism Printing and Paper Money • West Africa (trans-­‐Saharan routes) • From lands around Indian Ocean • From China and Persia • From the Baltic region • from India, China, the Middle East, and Europe • From China to Muslim World, Byzantium, and Western Europe • From India • From the Middle East • China • Indian Ocean region • Middle East to West Africa, Central and Southwest Asia • From India and China to Korea and Japan • From India to Southeast Asia • China STANDARD WHI.12: High Middle Ages Emergence of Nation-­‐States England • William the Conqueror united most of England under Norman rule in 1066 AD at the Battle of Hastings • Common law had its beginnings during the rule of Henry II • King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King’s power • The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a nation Who was William the Conqueror? Leader of the Norman conquest; conquered England in 1066 AD What did King Henry II establish? Common law What was the impact of the Magna Carta? Who signed it? Limited power of English king; King John France • Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and made the office hereditary -­‐ gradually expanded control over most of France • Victory in the Hundred Year’s War between England and France helped define France as a nation o Joan of Arc was a unifying factor by leading the French to victory at the Battle of Orleans Who was Hugh Capet? King of France; made office hereditary; established throne in Paris Why was Joan of Arc important? Unified country and led France to victory in 100 Years’ War Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews (Inquisition) and Muslims (Reconquista) • Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V Which two monarchs unified Spain? Ferdinand and Isabella What two movements did Spain use to expel the Jews and Muslims? Inquisition, Reconquista Charles V expanded the Spanish Empire in which hemisphere? Western Russia • Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation • Power was centralized in the hands of the Czar (Tsar) • The Orthodox Church influenced unification – brought them closer to the Byzantine Empire What group did Ivan the Great free Russia from? Mongols What was the religion of Russia? Eastern Orthodox The Crusades • The Crusades were a series of wars carried out by Christians to take control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims • Key events: o Pope Urban’s speech in 1095, calling on Christians to fight in the Crusades ! Promised sins would be forgiven and all Crusaders would go to Heaven o The capture of Jerusalem during the First Crusade o Founding of Crusader states o Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin, leading to the Third Crusade o Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders during the Fourth Crusade How did Pope Urban II encourage Christians to go on the first Crusade? Promised sins would be forgiven and all would go to Heaven Did the Christians take back Jerusalem? Did they keep it? Captured it in 1st Crusade, but lost it (never got it back) What happened during the Fourth Crusade? Crusaders attacked and conquered Constantinople Effects of the Crusades • Weakened the Pope and Church; strengthened monarchs • Increased trade between Mediterranean and Middle East • Led to bitterness and fighting between Christians, Jews, and Muslims • Weakened the Byzantine Empire How did the Crusades impact the power of the Pope? Monarchs? Weakened power of Pope and strengthened power of monarchs How did the Crusades impact trade? Increased trade between Europe and Middle East How did the Crusades impact relations between Christians, Jews, and Muslims? Led to bitterness How did the Crusades impact the Byzantine Empire? Weakened Mongols • Horseback-­‐riding nomads who originated in Central Asia • Invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside • Created the largest contiguous empire in the world Where did the Mongols originate? Central Asia What areas did the Mongols invade? Russia, China, Muslim states in Southwest Asia Constantinople • Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire • Became the capital of the Ottoman Empire (renamed Istanbul) Who defeated the Byzantine Empire? Ottoman Empire What was the city of Constantinople renamed after it became the Turkish capital? Istanbul The Black Death • In the 14th century, the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) destroyed the population of much of Asia and Europe o Originated in Asia, but spread to Europe through trade routes (carried by rats and fleas) • Impact of the plague: o Decline in population o Decline in trade o Scarcity of labor o Ended feudalism o Decline of Church influence Where did the plague originate? Asia How did the plague spread? Trade routes – rats/fleas How did the plague impact the population of Europe? Declined How did the plague impact labor? Shortage of labor – workers able to demand higher wages and better working conditions How did the plague impact feudalism? Ended How did the plague impact trade? Disrupted/Declined How did the plague impact the Church? Decline in influence STANDARD WHI.13: The Renaissance Impact of the Crusades •
•
•
•
Crusades increased demand for products from the Middle East Increased production of goods to trade to the Middle East Encouraged the use of credit and banking Increased contact with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. How did the Crusades impact trade and the economy of Europe? Increased demand for Middle Eastern goods – increased trade; encouraged credit and banking The Rise of the Renaissance Machiavelli’s The Prince • An guide book for government rulers on how to get and keep power in a republic o Absolute power o Do good if possible, but do evil when necessary o It is better to be feared than loved o The end justifies the means • Began in the wealthy city-­‐states of northern Italy (Florence, Venice, Genoa) o Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets o Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe o Were initially independent city-­‐states governed as republics Why were the city-­‐states of northern Italy able to become wealthy? Access to trade routes with Middle Eastern markets; trading centers for distribution of goods to northern Europe How were the northern Italian city-­‐states governed? Republics Machiavelli's The Prince Absolute power Good if Better to possible, be feared evil if than necessary loved Renaissance Art and Literature • New ideas were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature • Patrons = rich people who paid artists and writers to create works • Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly (secular) matters, as well as Christianity o Medieval art had only focused on the Church and salvation Medieval Art Church and salvation Renaissance Art Individuals and worldly matters •
•
•
•
Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, his notebooks Michelangelo: ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, David Raphael: School of Athens Petrarch: Sonnets, humanist scholarship Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo The David Mona Lisa The Last Supper Raphael School of Athens What is Petrarch known for? Sonnets to Laura Humanism • Celebrated the individual • Studied classical Greek and Roman art and literature • Supported by wealthy patrons What did Humanism emphasize? The individual What were the ancient influences on Humanism? Greco-­‐Roman Northern Renaissance • Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas • Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity o Portrayed religious and secular subjects • The movable type printing press (invented by Johann Gutenberg) and the production and sale of books helped disseminate ideas o First book ever printed = Holy Bible (Gutenberg Bible) o Helped to print books faster and spread ideas farther Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel What did Northern Renaissance thinkers merge? Humanist ideas and Christianity How did Gutenberg help to spread knowledge? Able to spread knowledge faster and farther Northern Renaissance Writers Influence of Chinese Culture • Erasmus: Dutch humanist who wrote The Praise of Folly • Sir Thomas More: English humanist who wrote Utopia • Writing o Japanese language of Kanji is based on Ancient Chinese writing What is Erasmus known for? Praise of Folly What is Sir Thomas More known for? Utopia • Architecture STANDARD WHI.10b: Japan • Japanese cultural development was influenced by its proximity to China • Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture Location and Place • Mountainous Japanese archipelago (chain of four main islands) • Sea of Japan is between Japan and the Asian mainland • Close to China and Korea • Buddhism o Buddhism was first introduced to Japan by Chinese traders around the 2nd century BC and by the 1st century AD it was found throughout the country Architecture Chinese Influence on Japan Writing Buddhism Shinto Zimbabwe • Traditional ethnic religion unique to Japan • Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors • State religion; worship of the emperor • Influenced Japanese art by emphasizing the beauty of the natural world • Coexistence with Buddhism • Located between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, near the Indian Ocean coast • City of “Great Zimbabwe” was the capital of the prosperous trading empire STANDARD WHI.10d: African Kingdoms • Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires were located on the Niger River, south of the Sahara Desert • Controlled the gold and salt trade routes across the Sahara • City of Timbuktu was a center of trade and learning • Religions: Animism and Islam What is the ethnic religion of Japan? Shinto Describe the Shinto religion: Importance of natural features, forces in nature, and ancestors; state religion How did Shinto influence Japanese culture? Emphasis on beauty in natural world • African civilizations developed in sub-­‐Saharan west and east Africa • Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere • States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in Southeast Africa Axum • Located in the Ethiopian Highlands, in between the Red Sea and Nile River • Christian kingdom What religion did the kingdom of Axum practice? Christianity What two rivers were important to the kingdom of Zimbabwe? Limpopo and Zambezi What was the economy of Zimbabwe based on? Trade West African Kingdoms What river was central the West African kingdoms? Niger What were the primary trading goods of West Africa? Gold and salt Which city served as a center of trade and learning during the Mali and Songhai empires? Timbuktu What religion had influence over Ghana and became the primary religion during the Mali and Songhai empires? Islam STANDARD WHI.11: Mesoamerican Civilizations • The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central America, and Mexico Mayan Civilization • Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forests • Main Cities: Chichen Itza and Tikal • Groups of city-­‐states ruled by kings • Economy based on farming • Polytheistic: pyramids, human sacrifices Where was the Mayan Empire located? Mexican and Central American rainforests What was the political structure of the Maya Empire? City-­‐states ruled by kings Describe the Mayan religion: Polytheistic, pyramids What was the Mayan economy based on? Agriculture Aztec Civilization Located in valley of central Mexico Main city: Tenochtitlan Ruled by an emperor Economy based on farming and tribute from conquered peoples • Polytheistic religion: pyramids, human sacrifices •
•
•
•
In what modern-­‐day country was the Aztec Empire found? Mexico What was the capital city of the Aztec Empire? Tenochtitlan What was the ruler of the Aztecs called? Emperor What was the Aztec economy based on? Agriculture Describe the Aztec religion: Polytheistic, pyramids, human sacrifices Incan Civilization •
•
•
•
•
•
Located in Andes Mountains of South America Main city: Machu Picchu Ruled by an emperor Economy based on high-­‐altitude farming Polytheistic religion Road system Where was the Inca Empire located? Andes Mountains of South America What type of ruler did the Inca have? Emperor What was the basis of the Incan economy? High-­‐altitude farming Describe the Incan religion: Polytheistic; emperor = son of Son God Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan Civilization • Calendars • Math • Writing and other record-­‐keeping systems List some of the Mesoamerican achievements: Calendars, math, writing and record-­‐keeping systems, pyramids