Download Human Bio-Systems for Clinical Engineering Practitioners

NOTICE OF NEW PUBLICATION FOR CLINICAL ENGINEERING
On 31 January, 2009 a brand new publication will be released for all Clinical Engineering
Practitioners
Title of the publication: Human Bio-Systems for Clinical Engineering Practitioners
Authors: JD van Roon (Pr. Techn., M Dip Tech, NTD, MCEASA)
and MM van Roon (Nursing Dipl, Reg. SA Nursing Council).
The publication is written as a reference source for all persons in the field of Clinical
Engineering. It also satisfies the requirements of the subject, Bio-Systems 1, for the
national electrical engineering diploma (clinical engineering option) and, for those
professionals serving the auxiliary medical services!
Edition date: first edition 2009, ISBN: 978-0-620-42023-5
Copyright © (2009) J.D van Roon& M.M van Roon, All rights reserved
Number of pages: 77
Construction of publication: A-4 size. Laminated front and rear page. Printed on gloss-paper.
Metal spiral binding. Sketches in full colour.
Price : R 250 including postage, pay upfront.
Book may be ordered directly only on COD basis from the author:
Tel. 044 870 7706 or
Email: [email protected]
Snail mail: 13 Wattle Road, Heatherpark, George, 6529, South Africa.
A view of the front page is shown on the next page
Human Bio-Systems for Clinical Engineering Practitioners.
by JD and MM van Roon
Human Bio-Systems for Clinical Engineering Practitioners
by JD and MM van Roon
Foreword and Introduction
As you make your way through this book, you will be learning about one of the most fascinating
subjects possible………your own body.
Such a study is not only highly personal, but timely as well. The current information blizzard brings
news of some medical advances almost daily. If you are to appreciate clinical engineering you
need to understand emerging discoveries in human biology, and to learn about the workings of
your body so as to understand new techniques and applications in the health technology. For those
preparing for a career in clinical engineering, the study of anatomy and physiology has added
rewards because it provides the foundation needed to support your specific field of study, and the
support it gives to healthcare of the patient.
In engineering we try to copy the unique human body functions in a ROBOT. It was found to be
very difficult to simulate them. It is more noticeable in the picture below where a humoristic picture
indicates this.
A FUNNY ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE HUMAN BODY
Human Bio-Systems for Clinical Engineering Practitioners,
by JD and MM van Roon
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology plus Sketches
Chapter 2
Medical Terminology, plus Sketches
Chapter 3
The Skin, plus Sketches
Chapter 4
The Skeleton And Joints, plus Sketches
Chapter 5
The Muscular System, plus Sketches
Chapter 6
The Nervous System, plus Sketches
Chapter 7
The Circulatory System, plus Sketches
Chapter 8
The Respiratory System, plus Sketches
Chapter 9
The Digestive And Genitourinary Systems, plus Sketches
Chapter 10
The Endocrine System, plus Sketches
Chapter 11
Appendices
First Edition: January, 2009
Published by: HENRON Businessforms
ISBN: 978-0-620-42023-5
Copyright © (2009) J.D van Roon& M.M van Roon
All rights reserved
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Definition of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Anatomy has a certain
appeal because it is concrete. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely; it is not necessary to
imagine what they look like.
Physiology concerns the function of the body, in other words; how the body parts work and carry out their
life-sustaining activities.
1.1 How Is The Body Organised
The human body has many levels of structural organisation as can be seen in Chap1-figure 1.
The organisation will be discussed from the simplest level to the more complex level.
The simplest level of the structural hierarchy is the chemical level. At this level, atoms combine to form
molecules such as water and proteins. Molecules, in turn, associate in specific ways to form organelles,
this is the basic components of the microscopic cells.
Cells are defined as the smallest units of living things. The cellular level is examined in paragraph 1.2
All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their
unique functions in the body.
From high school biology we have learnt that the simplest living creatures are composed of single cells,
but in complex organisms such as human beings, the hierarchy continues on to the tissue level.
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function.
The four basic tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous
tissue. Each tissue type has a characteristic role in the body. Briefly, epithelium covers the body surface
and lines its cavities; muscle provides movement, connective tissue supports and protects body organs;
and nervous tissue provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
Definition: An organ is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common)
that performs a specific function for the body.
At the organ level, extremely complex functions become possible. Let's take the stomach for an
example. Its lining is an epithelium that produces digestive juices; the bulk of its wall is muscle, which
churns and mixes stomach contents (food); its connective tissue reinforces the soft muscular walls, and
its nerve fibres increase digestive activity by stimulating the muscle to contract more vigorously and the
glands to secrete more digestive juices. The liver, the brain, and a blood vessel are very different from
the stomach, but they are organs as well. It is best to think of each organ of the body as a specialized
functional centre responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.
The next level of organization is the organ system. Organs that work together to accomplish a common
purpose make up an organ system. For example, the heart and blood vessels of the cardio vascular
system see to it that blood circulates continuously to carry oxygen and nutrients to all body cells. Besides
the cardiovascular system, the other organ systems of the body are the integumentary, skeletal,
muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
See sketch: Chap1-figure 1: Different level of the organisational structure of the human body and
Chap1-figure 2: Interrelationships among the different body organ systems and the external
environment
Lastly the highest level of organization is the organism, the living human being.
The organismal level represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote
life.
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