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The World in 1750
Tokugawa Shogunate
Suleiman the Lawgiver
The Taj Mahal
Akbar the Great
The World in 1750
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Homework Assignments
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Assignment (p.xxx, Ques. x-x)
Date
Name
Period
The World in 1750 – Chapter 18
Mughul Empire - Muslim dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the
mid-18th century.
Akbar - Mughal leader who expanded the empire, blended cultures, and oversaw a flourishing
of the arts, literature, and architecture.
Ottoman Empire - Dynasty that overthrew the Byzantine empire and united most of the
Muslim world .
Suleiman - Leader of the Ottoman Empire who expanded it to its largest extent, organized the
government, and presided over a cultural flowering.
Tokugawa Shogunate - Dynasty that ruled a unified Japan from 1603-1687.
Edo - Capital of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Shogun - In Japan, the supreme military commander who ruled in the name of the emperor
Samauri - One of the professional warriors who served the Japanese feudal lords
Daimyo - A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai
Chapter 18 – Section 3
The Mughal Empire
Akbar’s Golden Age
 Military
o Used his army to conquer and unite 100 million people
 Appointed some conquered people as _______________
 Turned potential enemies into allies
 Liberal Ruler
o Promoted cultural blending
 Permitted other religions to practice their faith
 Married Hindu princesses – did not force conversion to Islam
 Abolished ______ on Hindu pilgrims and a tax on non-Muslims
 Tolerant of __________________, welcoming of other cultures
o Quality Government
 All could attain high office
 _________ and effective taxation policies
 Organized and effective administration of government
The Empire’s Decline and Decay
Following the death of Akbar, his successors became less open and tolerant
 ___________ became a target of Muslim hatred under Jahangir
 Shah Jahan assassinated potential rivals
o He raised taxes to pay for monuments, luxury and war
 Aurangzeb gained territory but oppressed the people
o Rigidly enforced Islamic law
o Used police to censor morals and enforce prayer
o Destroyed Hindu monuments and removed Hindus from government
o Reinstated tax on non-Muslims and levied other oppressive taxes
o Alienated the Sikhs
Results:
The policies of Akbar’s successors led to the ____________ of the Mughal Empire.
The Golden Age had ended, and India was now ruled by local lords in a patchwork
of independent states. As the empire fell, Europeans, who had gained a foothold in
India through trade, began to expand their power. This would mark the beginning
of ___________________________ in India.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Reading: The Mughal Empire in India
Adapted from E. Napp, White Plains School District
In 1526, a conqueror from central Asia named Babur attacked India. Babur
established the Mughal Empire. The name Mughal probably comes from the word
Mongol. The Mughal rulers of India were Muslims as well as descendants of the
Mongols. The most famous Mughal ruler was Akbar the Great, Babur’s grandson.
Akbar ruled the empire from 1556 to 1605. During Akbar’s reign, some of his soldiers
rode elephants while over 12,000 soldiers rode horses. Due to his powerful army,
new lands were added to the empire. By conquering neighboring states, Akbar
united northern India under his rule.
To govern his empire more efficiently, Akbar divided the empire into twelve
provinces. He appointed nonmilitary, or civilian, officials to run the day-to-day
business of each province. He established a civil service where civilians ran the
government. His officials figured out how much food each province should produce.
Then Akbar used their findings to work out fair taxes. Akbar also promoted a policy
of toleration for Hindus. Akbar was a Muslim but most Indians were Hindus. To keep
peace, Akbar married a Hindu princess and appointed Hindus to important positions
in the government. He tried to give religious freedom to all people and also treated
all people fairly. Many Indians respected Akbar due to his policies of toleration and
fairness.
Akbar and the Mughal rulers who came after him built beautiful buildings. Shah
Jahan, an important Mughal ruler, ordered the construction of the Taj Mahal as a
tomb for his favorite wife. Shortly after giving birth to their fourteenth child, his wife
died. Overcome with grief, Jahan built the world’s greatest tomb for his wife.
However, unlike his grandfather (Akbar the Great), Shah Jahan showed little
sympathy for the Hindus and ordered the destruction of many Hindu temples. Many
Indian Hindus converted to Islam during Jahan’s reign. While some people changed
their religion to avoid special taxes, others converted hoping to escape from lower
castes and the prejudices of the caste system. After Jahan’s death, the empire
became
tofrom
weaken.
Questions
Reading:
1) Who were the Mughals and what did they do?
2) What were the accomplishments of Akbar the Great?
3) Was Akbar the Great tolerant? Explain your answer.
4) What is the Taj Mahal and why was it built?
5) Who was Shah Jahan and what policies did he institute?
6) Why did some Hindus convert to Islam during Mughal rule of India?
7) What happened to the Mughal Empire after the death of Shah Jahan?
8) Which ruler do you prefer: Akbar the Great or Shah Jahan? Explain your answer.
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Turks, a people from Central
Asia, became rulers of the Islamic world in
the 13th century. In 1453, under the
leadership of Mehmed II (Mehmed the
Conqueror), they succeeded in capturing
Constantinople; capital of what remained of
the Byzantine Empire, which they renamed
Istanbul. Mehmed was a capable ruler who
opened Istanbul to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. Jews, Christians and
Muslims, Turks and non-Turks flowed in. The Ottomans also conquered Egypt and North
Africa, re-uniting the Muslim world under their rule except for Persia and Afghanistan.
Primary Source:
After this the Sultan entered the City and looked about to see its great size, its situation, its
grandeur and beauty, its teeming population, its loveliness, and the costliness of its churches and
public buildings and of the private houses and community houses and of those of the officials. He
also saw the setting of the harbor and of the arsenals, and how skillfully and ingeniously they had
everything arranged in the City—in a word, all the construction and adornment of it. When he saw
what a large number had been killed, and the ruin of the buildings, and the wholesale ruin and
destruction of the City, he was filled with compassion and repented not a little at the destruction
and plundering. Tears fell from his eyes as he groaned deeply and passionately: “What a city we
have given over to plunder and destruction!”
Kritovoulous, History of Mehmed the Conqueror
Why do you think the Sultan wept over the destruction?
By the mid-1500s, under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent (also known as
Suleyman the Lawgiver), the Ottoman Empire was the largest in the world. At the heart of the
Ottoman system of government was the Sultan, or ruler, and his court in Istanbul. Under the
Sultan’s rule, the Ottoman Empire was well-organized and efficiently governed. Taxes were
simplified and limited. Laws were created to handle both criminal and civil matters. The
Sultan controlled his entire empire as an all-powerful ruler. However, the Ottomans did
recognize cultural diversity by letting Christian and Jewish communities largely govern
themselves and practice their own religions. Ottoman control over the crossroads of trade
promoted prosperity and stability for several centuries.
Look at the map on the previous page. Why was the region controlled by the Ottomans
considered a crossroads of trade?
After the death of Suleiman, there were many weak sultans. The government became
divided, corrupt, and suffered financial losses. Inflation struck the economy and the army
resisted efforts to modernize. Having once embraced modern technology, the Ottoman Empire
now was falling behind Europe. Furthermore, new feelings of nationalism were stirring among
subject people in the empire. The Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, and European
powers were noticing.
Primary Source – Sulieman the Magnificent
On Janissaries:
At Buda I made my first acquaintance with the Janissaries; this is the name by which the
Turks call the infantry of the royal guard. The Turkish state has 12,000 of these troops
when the corps is at its full strength. They are scattered through every part of the empire,
either to garrison the forts against the enemy, or to protect the Christians and Jews from
the violence of the mob. There is no district with any considerable amount of population,
no borough or city, which has not a detachment of Janissaries to protect the Christians,
Jews, and other helpless people from outrage and wrong.
A garrison of Janissaries is always stationed in the citadel of Buda. The dress of these men
consists of a robe reaching down to the ankles, while, to cover their heads, they employ a
cowl which, by their account, was originally a cloak sleeve, part of which contains the
head, while the remainder hangs down and flaps against the neck. On their forehead is
placed a silver gilt cone of considerable height, studded with stones of no great value.
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor
The Turkish Letters, 1555-1562
Always underline any words or phrases you do not understand.
1) What are Janissaries, based on what you can learn in the letter?
2) Would you want to live in this place? Explain why or why not?
3) Is this a dangerous or orderly place? How do you know?
4) Why did they protect the Christians and the Jews?
Primary Source – Sulieman the Magnificent
On Meritocracy:
In making his appointments the Sultan pays no regard to any pretensions on the score of
wealth or rank, nor does he take into consideration recommendations or popularity, he
considers each case on its own merits, and examines carefully into the character, ability,
and disposition of the man whose promotion is in question. It is by merit that men rise in
the service, a system which ensures that posts should only be assigned to the competent.
Each man in Turkey carries in his own hand his ancestry and his position in life, which he
may make or mar as he will. Those who receive the highest offices from the Sultan are
for the most part the sons of shepherds or herdsmen, and so far from being ashamed of
their parentage, they actually glory in it… Among the Turks, therefore, honours, high
posts, and judgeships are the rewards of great ability and good service. If a man be
dishonest, or lazy, or careless, he remains at the bottom of the ladder, an object of
contempt; for such qualities there are no honours in Turkey!
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Ambassador of the Holy Roman Emperor
The Turkish Letters, 1555-1562
1) Based on the letter, what is meritocracy? Consult a dictionary to check your answer.
2) According to Busbecq, what criteria did the Suleiman use (or not use) when promoting
men to higher positions?
3a) Does Busbecq seem impressed or unimpressed by Suleiman’s methods of making
appointments? How can you tell?
3b) What might you infer about the Holy Roman Empire by comparison?
Despite the expansion and growth of European power, the Islamic world remained a
potent rival. Powerful Muslim states such as the Ottomans and Mughals thrived from the
fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries. Each ruling dynasty had begun as nomadic warriors, but
each created successful administrations that ruled vast areas. These three states also proved
very adept in warfare, and were sometimes referred to as “the gunpowder empires.” The
Ottoman Empire even threatened the heart of Europe before they were repulsed. Slowly, all
three states declined. Internal factionalism and weak rulers undermined their stability, while
complacency hindered technological developments. The weakening of these empires
coincided with the increasing growth and expansion of European nations, who would soon
move into the vacuum created by the collapse of these Muslim empires.
The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan
In the 1300s, unity in Japan had broken down, and by the mid-1400s, it had entered its
“Warring States” period. A new type of feudalism similar to that of Europe resulted. Lords
called Daimyos fought for land and power, creating chaos and disorder. In 1600 Tokugawa
Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan through conquest. He became the sole ruler, or
shogun, and moved the capital to Edo.
Since the Daimyo still ruled at the local level, they needed to be controlled. Ieyasu
required the daimyo to spend every other year at the capital in Edo. When they returned to their
lands, their families were required to stay as hostages. This “alternate attendance policy” tamed
the daimyo, and helped to restore centralized government.
Tokugawa society was
very structured – (See
diagram)
Under the Tokugawa
Shogunate Japan
enjoyed 250 years of
stability and
prosperity, and
Japanese culture
thrived.
1) Why do you think occupations were ranked in this order in Tokugawa Japan?
2) Why was the farmer’s importance to society placed above that of the artisan and the
merchant?
3) Are occupations ranked this way today?
Contact with Europe
In 1543, shipwrecked Portuguese sailors washed up on the shores of Japan. Traders soon
followed. Japanese merchants welcomed them for their new products and ideas and the daimyo
for their guns and canons. Missionaries arrived a few years later. Seeking converts, they
looked down on traditional Japanese beliefs and sometimes became involved in politics. After
some religious uprisings, the shogun decided Christianity was at the root of the problem.
Christians were persecuted and driven out of Japan. By 1639, an exclusion policy was formed,
and the country was closed off in an attempt to control foreign ideas. For the next 200 years,
Japan was closed to Europeans, and the Japanese were forbidden to leave. Thus foreign ideas
could not be brought back.
LIMITATIONS ON THE PROPIGATION OF CHRISTIANITY, 1587
4. Anyone whose fief is over 200 cho- and who can expect two to three thousand kan of rice harvest each
year must receive permission from the authorities before becoming a follower of the padre.
5. Anyone whose fief is smaller than the one described above may, as his conscience dictates, select for
himself from between eight and nine religions.
8. If a daimyo-who has a fief over a province, a district or a village, forces his retainers to become followers of
the padre, he is committing a crime worse than the followers of Honganji who assembled in their
temple [to engage in the Ikko riot]. This will have an adverse effect on [the welfare of] the nation.
Anyone who cannot use good judgment in this matter will be punished.
EXPULSION OF THE MISSIONARIES, 1587
1. Japan is the country of gods, but has been receiving false teachings from Christian countries. This cannot
be tolerated any further.
2. The [missionaries] approach people in provinces and districts to make them their followers, and let them
destroy shrines and temples. This is an unheard of outrage. When a vassal receives a province, a
district, a village or another form of a fief, he must consider it as a property entrusted to him on a
temporary basis. He must follow the laws of this country, and abide by their intent. However, some
vassals illegally [commend part of their fiefs to the church]. This is a culpable offense.
3. The padres, by their special knowledge [in the sciences and medicine], feel that they can at will entice
people to become their believers. In so doing they commit the illegal act of destroying the teachings of
Buddha prevailing in Japan. These padres cannot be permitted to remain in Japan. They must prepare
to leave the country within twenty days of the issuance of this notice. However, the vassals must not
make unreasonable demands on the padres, which shall be treated as a culpable offense.
4. The black [Portuguese and Spanish] ships come to Japan to engage in trade. Thus the matter is a separate
one. They can continue to engage in trade.
1) On the basis of these two edicts, how do you think Hideyoshi viewed Christian missionaries
and Japanese converts?
2) Why do you think Hideyoshi found it necessary to issue these edicts limiting the spread of
Christianity and the activities of missionaries?
3) Who is Hideyoshi more concerned about becoming Christians - domain lords, samurai, or
the common people?
4) Why do you think so many Japanese embraced Christianity at this time?