Download Tissues, organs and systems (Student Support)

Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
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Biology workbook
Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
WORKBOOK 2 - TISSUES, ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
The cells of multicellular organisms may differentiate and become adapted for specific
functions. Tissues are aggregations (collections) of similar cells; organs are
aggregations of tissues performing specific physiological functions.
Organs are organised into organ systems, which work together to form organisms.
Candidates should use their skills, knowledge and understanding to:
Develop an understanding of size and scale in relation to cells, tissues, organs
and organ systems.
Subject content - Animal organs
a) Large multicellular organisms develop systems for exchanging materials. During the
development of a multicellular organism, cells differentiate so that they can perform
different functions.
b) A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function. Examples of tissues
include:
■ muscular tissue, which can contract to bring about movement
■ glandular tissue, which can produce substances such as enzymes and hormones
■ epithelial tissue, which covers some parts of the body.
c) Organs are made of tissues. One organ may contain several tissues. The stomach
is an organ that contains:
■ muscular tissue, to churn the contents
■ glandular tissue, to produce digestive juices
■ epithelial tissue, to cover the outside and the inside of the stomach.
d) Organ systems are groups of organs that perform a particular function. The
digestive system is one example of a system in which humans and other mammals
exchange substances with the environment.
The digestive system includes:
■ glands, such as the pancreas and salivary glands, which produce digestive juices
■ the stomach and small intestine, where digestion occurs
■ the liver, which produces bile
■ the small intestine, where the absorption of soluble food occurs
■ the large intestine, where water is absorbed from the undigested food, producing
faeces.
Subject content: Plant organs
a) Plant organs include stems, roots and leaves.
b) Examples of plant tissues include:
■ epidermal tissues, which cover the plant
■ mesophyll, which carries out photosynthesis
■ xylem and phloem, which transport substances around the plant.
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Revise with your teacher tissues, organs and organ systems.
Watch the video or PowerPoint on tissues, organs and organ systems.
Write down the meaning of the word TISSUE:
A group of similar (or identical) cells all adapted to carry out a
particular function e.g. muscle tissue – enables muscles to
contract.
Draw and label the following tissues to highlight how they are specialised to carry out
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Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
their function:
Muscular Tissue
Muscle cells are elongated and able to shorten (contract) to
bring about movement.
Glandular Tissue
e.g. salivary gland tissue (produces saliva)
Glandular tissues are specialised to produce large quantities of
hormones, enzymes, or other substances. They have lots of
ribosomes for protein synthesis.
Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial cells line surfaces inside & outside the body. They are
specialised in different ways to protect the delicate tissues they
cover; e.g. some are in layers (in the skin & mouth); some are
flattened (in the lungs and blood vessels).
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Write down the meaning of the word ORGAN:
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Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
A group of 2 or more different tissues, all working together to
carry out a particular function e.g. heart – pump blood (muscle,
nerve, connective tissues)
List some examples of animal organs:
Heart, lungs, liver, brain, muscles, bones, kidneys.
Draw a diagram of the stomach to show how it is specialised for churning & digesting
food, and for protecting itself from auto digestion (digesting its own wall!):
The stomach has different layers of muscle which contract in
different directions to churn up food.
The wall produces mucus which lines the wall and stops it being
digested by protease enzymes (except when a person has a
stomach ulcer!)
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Write down the meaning of the word ORGAN SYSTEM:
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Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
A group of 2 or more organs working together to carry out a
particular function e.g. digestive system – digest food (stomach,
intestine, etc..)
Write down 4 examples of organ systems:
Digestive system; nervous system; reproductive system;
excretory system; gas exchange system; muscular system.
One important organ system is the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Label the glands and
organs on the diagram below, and write down the function of each gland and organ in
the box:
SALIVARY GLANDS
Add saliva – makes food easier
to swallow. Amylase in saliva
digests starch to sugar. Saliva
kills some bacteria.
STOMACH
Digests proteins to amino acids
using a protease enzyme –
pepsin. Hydrochloric acid
provides correct pH for pepsin &
kills bacteria.
PANCREAS (a gland)
Produces carbohydrase,
protease & lipase enzymes to
digest carbohydrates, proteins
and lipids in the small intestine.
SMALL INTESTINE
Completes digestion of
carbohydrates, proteins and
lipid.
Absorbs digested food into
bloodstream.
LIVER
Produces bile which emulsifies
lipids in the small intestine,
making digestion by lipase much
faster.
LARGE INTESTINE
Absorbs water from undigested
food & forms faeces. Produces
large amounts of mucus which
lubricate the walls of the large
intestine and ease the passage
of faeces.
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Plant Organs.
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Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
a) Label the plant diagram to highlight the organs shown and complete the box below:
Root
Leaf
Flower
b) Label the leaf diagram to show the following tissues:
epidermal tissues (upper and lower),
■
mesophyll (palisade and spongy)
■
xylem and phloem
stomata (not tissues!)
■
c) Complete the table by adding the names of the tissues:
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Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
KEYWORDS: epidermis, mesophyll, palisade, phloem, spongy, stomata, xylem
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FUNCTION OF TISSUE
Carries out photosynthesis (main site)
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Transports food substances around the plant
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Covers and protects the outside of the plant
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Transports water & minerals around the plant
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Surrounded by air spaces – carries out some
photosynthesis
Pores which allow gas exchange with the air
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NAME OF TISSUE
Palisade Mesophyll
Phloem
Epidermis
Xylem
Spongy Mesophyll
Stomata
Well done – you have finished the Tissues, organs and organ systems workbook!
Useful web links & clips:
BBC Bitesize
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/organisms_behaviour_health/cells_systems/
revise5.shtml
Revision World
http://www.revisionworld.co.uk/gcse/biology/cell-activity/cells-tissues-organs-and-systems
Quite advanced!
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/tissue.htm
Biology for kids – easier!
http://www.kidsbiology.com/biology_basics/cells_tissues_organs/structure_of_living_things1.php
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Glossary (muddled – sort them out!)
Cell
Tissue which can produce substances such as enzymes
and hormones
Epidermis
Simple organ which can secrete substances such as
enzymes and hormones
Epithelial tissue
Building block of all living things
Gland
Tissue which covers plants and forms a protective lining
Glandular tissue
Tissue which covers some parts of the body and forms a
protective lining
Large intestine
Collection of different tissues acting together to perform a
particular function
Liver
Tissue which can contract to bring about movement
Mesophyll
Organ which absorbs water from digested food and forms
faeces
Muscle tissue
Tissue which photosynthesises. Includes palisade and
spongy
Organ
Organ which produces bile
Organ system
Large gland under the stomach, which produces digestive
enzymes
Pancreas
Glands in the mouth which produce saliva
Phloem
Collection of different organs working together to perform
a particular function
Salivary gland
Organ which digests food and absorbs digested food into
the bloodstream
Small intestine
Plant tissue which transports dissolved foods around the
plant
Glossary (continued)
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Wellsway school science dept.
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Stomach
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Stomata
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Tissue
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Xylem
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Biology workbook
A group of cells specialised to carry out a particular
function
Plant tissue which transports water and mineral ions from
roots to the rest of the plant
Tiny pores on the underside of leaves which allow
gaseous exchange with the air
Large muscular bag specialised for churning food and
partly digesting proteins
Additional notes
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Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
Questions
-9-
Biology workbook
Wellsway school science dept.
Curriculum 2011 – AQA Additional Science
- 10 -
Biology workbook