Download Biology Midterm – Segreto PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THE TEST

Biology Midterm – Segreto
____
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THE TEST. Thank you 
1. The chemical equation below shows the reaction of glucose and oxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP
Which process does this equation represent?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Photosynthesis
anaerobic respiration
aerobic respiration
nitrogen fixation
____
2. Which organism is capable of reproduction through asexual mitosis?
a. horse
b. oak tree
c. bacterium
d. starfish
____
3. Identify the reactants in the following chemical reaction: 6H2O + 6CO2
6CHOH + 6O2
a.
6H2O and 6CO2
c. 6H2O, 6CO2, 6CHOH, and 6O2
b.
6CHO and 6CO2
d. 6CHOH and 6O2
____
4. Which of the following phrases describes the Punnett square in Figure 6.1?
a.
b.
c.
d.
1/4 probability of heterozygous offspring
monohybrid heterozygous-heterozygous cross
3/4 probability of homozygous offspring
dihybrid heterozygous-heterozygous cross
____
5. A group in an experiment where the variables are not manipulated by the experimenter, and can therefore
serve as a comparison for what would have happened without variable manipulation is called:
a. the control.
b. the constant.
c. the independent variable.
d. the outcome variable.
____
6. Organisms use energy for all chemical processes. Together, all of these processes are called
a. metabolism.
b. negative feedback.
c. adaptation.
d. life.
____
7. Which of the following is a reactant in photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d. COOH
____
8. How do ions form?
a.
b.
c.
d.
____
Atoms combine to make a larger atom.
Two atoms share electrons.
Atoms form covalent bonds.
Atoms gain or lose electrons.
9. Meiosis produces cells with how many chromosomes?
a. 44
b. 22
c. 46
d. 23
____ 10. Which property of water is the result of hydrogen bonds?
a. polarity of water molecules
b. high specific heat
c. low boiling point
d. no cohesion among water molecules
____ 11. Which of the following ARE present in a eukaryotic organism, but are NOT present in a prokaryotic one?
a. Nucleus and cytoplasm
b. Cell membrane and cytoplasm
c. Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
d. Membrane-bound organelles and a cell membrane
____ 12. Uncontrolled mitosis can result in which of the following?
a. A high rate of twins at birth
b. Genetic mutation
c. Extra fingers and toes
d. Cancer tumor growth
____ 13. When scientists are "evaluating results" as a part of scientific thinking, they mainly
a.
b.
c.
d.
explain data they collected and analyzed.
collect data from other scientists.
examine prior research on a topic.
use statistics to analyze their data.
____ 14. What are the four main groups of carbon-based molecules?
a. starches, cholesterol, fatty acids, and amino acids
b. sugars, cellulose, triglycerides, and monosaccharides
c. polysaccharides, sugars, oils, and polymers
d. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
____ 15. Which of the following best describes cohesion?
a. the sticking together of particles of different substances
b. the sticking together of particles of the same substance
c. the repulsion of particles of different substances
d. the repulsion of particles of the same substance
____ 16. Chemical reactions change substances into different substances by
a. reaching chemical equilibrium.
b. breaking and forming bonds.
c. changing the substance's properties.
d. maintaining constant energy.
____ 17. What is the term for the substances that are changed during a chemical reaction?
a. products
b. catalysts
c. enzymes
d. reactants
____ 18. What is the result of an endothermic chemical reaction?
a. hydrogen bonds are broken down
b. products have lower bond energy than reactants
c. more energy absorbed than released
d. no energy absorbed or released
____ 19. What are two structures a plant cell has, but an animal cell does not?
a. A cell membrane and a nucleus
b. A cell wall and a cell membrane
c. A nucleus and chloroplasts
d. A cell wall and chloroplasts
____ 20. The lock-and-key model of enzyme function shown in Figure 2.2 illustrates which important characteristic of
enzymes?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ability to bind with many reactants
ever-changing structure
precise fit with a particular substrate
ability to bond with a product
____ 21. What aspects of a chemical reaction are enzymes known to affect?
a. direction and reactant concentration
b. rate and activation energy
c. temperature and pH
d. conditions needed for equilibrium
____ 22. Which of the following is a major principle upon which cell theory is based?
a. All cells form by free-cell formation.
b. All cells have DNA.
c. All organisms are made of cells.
d. All cells are eukaryotic.
____ 23. Identify the type of cell shown in Figure 3.1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
prokaryotic
eukaryotic
bacterial
viral
____ 24. Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information?
a. mitochondrion
b. chloroplast
c. centriole
d. nucleus
____ 25. Which phrase best describes rough ER?
a. studded with ribosomes
b. protected by vesicles
c. connected to the Golgi apparatus
d. stored in the central vacuole
____ 26. Which organelles supply energy to the cell?
a. ribosomes
b. centrosomes
c. mitochondria
d. vacuoles
____ 27. Which organelles contain enzymes that break down old cell parts?
a. centrosomes
b. lysosomes
c. vacuoles
d. chloroplasts
____ 28. Which organelles are unique to plant cells?
a. ribosomes
b. vacuoles
c. chloroplasts
d. centrosomes
____ 29. Which process occurs inside the chloroplasts?
a. detoxification
b. ribosome assembly
c. photosynthesis
d. protein synthesis
____ 30. A solution that is hypotonic to a cell has
a. more solutes than the cell.
b. fewer solutes than the cell.
c. the same concentration of solutes as the cell.
d. too many solutes.
____ 31. Transport proteins play a role in both
a. passive and active transport.
b. exocytosis and endocytosis.
c. diffusion and vesicle transport.
d. phagocytosis and passive transport.
____ 32. Which process requires no energy from the cell?
a. exocytosis
b. endocytosis
c. active transport
d. facilitated diffusion
____ 33. Which organelles are involved in the process called endocytosis?
a. ribosomes
b. vesicles
c. centrioles
d. chloroplasts
____ 34. Which process is occurring when a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the
cell?
a. endocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. exocytosis
d. osmosis
____ 35. What molecule carries chemical energy that cells use for their functions?
a. ADP
b. ATP
c.
d.
____ 36. Which of the following molecules found in the food we eat is most commonly broken down to make ATP?
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. vitamins
____ 37. Which of the following directly provides the energy needed for cell functions?
a. A phosphate group is removed from ATP.
b. ADP loses a phosphate group.
c. Electrons are passed to proteins.
d. Oxygen picks up electrons.
____ 38. Chemosynthesis is a process through which some organisms use energy from chemicals in their environment
to build sugars in the absence of
a. ATP.
b. water.
c. glucose.
d. sunlight.
____ 39. Recessive alleles may not be expressed because they are
a. masked by a dominant allele.
b. the least common allele in a population.
c. the most common allele in a population.
d. less likely to have crossing over.
____ 40. Where in plant cells are the energy-absorbing molecules for photosynthesis located?
a. Stroma
b. Thylakoids
c. ATP synthase
d. mitochondria
____ 41. What happens to the sugars that are made during photosynthesis?
a. They move directly into an electron transport chain.
b. They go back into the Calvin cycle.
c. They can be used for cellular respiration.
d. They make ATP by bonding together.
____ 42. The part of cellular respiration that needs oxygen takes place inside the
a. nucleus.
b. mitochondria.
c. thylakoid.
d. cytoplasm.
____ 43. Which process is best represented by the following chemical equation?
sugars + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
a. cellular respiration
b. photosynthesis
c. glycolysis
d. fermentation
____ 44. An electron transport chain that produces ATP is part of both the cellular respiration process and
a. glycolysis.
b. fermentation.
c. photosynthesis.
d. the Krebs cycle.
____ 45. In which process is lactic acid formed when there is not enough oxygen present for cellular respiration to take
place?
a. ATP synthase
b. photosystem I
c. glycolysis
d. fermentation
____ 46. Before cellular respiration, glucose must be broken down by the process of
a. photosynthesis.
b. glycolysis.
c. electron transport.
d. fermentation.
____ 47. If a cell cannot move enough material through its membrane to survive, then the ratio of its surface area to
volume is
a. too large.
b. just the right size.
c. too small.
d. growing too quickly.
____ 48. Before a cell can proceed to mitosis from the gap 2 stage of the cell cycle, it must
a. double in size.
b. complete a full cell cycle.
c. undergo cytokinesis.
d. pass a critical checkpoint.
____ 49. During interphase a cell grows, duplicates organelles, and
a. copies DNA.
b. divides the nucleus.
c. divides the cytoplasm.
d. produces a new cell.
____ 50. Why do the cells lining the stomach divide more quickly than those in the liver?
a. They are much smaller cells.
b. They have fewer chromosomes.
c. They need much more surface area.
d. They undergo more wear and tear.
____ 51. During which of the following stages shown in Figure 5.1 does the cytoplasm of a cell divide?
a.
b.
c.
d.
gap 1
synthesis
gap 2
mitosis
____ 52. The function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction is to increase the
a. reaction rate.
b. activation energy.
c. pH.
d. number of substrates.
____ 53. Which statement describes the chromosome shown in Figure 5.2?
a.
b.
c.
d.
It is made up of two histones.
It is made up of two chromatids.
It is made up of two centromeres.
It is made up of two telomeres.
____ 54. During which phase of the cell cycle do the new cells actually split into two?
a. Interphase
b. Prophase
c. Metaphase
d. Cytokinesis
____ 55. Which of the following is true of malignant tumors?
a. They do not require treatment.
b. They are easily removed through surgery.
c. They can cause tumors in other parts of the body.
d. They contain cells that stay clustered together.
____ 56. One difference between a cancer cell and a normal cell is that
a. cancer cells divide uncontrollably.
b. normal cells divide uncontrollably.
c. cancer cells cannot make copies of DNA.
d. normal cells cannot make copies of DNA.
____ 57. Which law states that organisms inherit two copies of each gene and donate one copy to each of their
offspring?
a. law of genetic linkage
b. law of segregation
c. law of independent assortment
d. law of inheritance
____ 58. A plant's leaf consists of
a. a group of organs.
b. various types of tissue.
c. organs that form a system.
d. many identical cells.
____ 59. Scientific theories can change when scientists
a. prepare and test different hypotheses.
b. criticize existing data.
c. provide conflicting scientific evidence.
d. prove an alternate theory.
____ 60. Two similar chromosomes that you inherit from your parents (one from your mother, one from your father)
are called
a. homologous chromosomes.
b. sister chromatids.
c. sex chromosomes.
d. homozygous alleles.
____ 61. In a single-celled organism, mitosis is used for
a. development.
b. reproduction.
c. growth.
d. repair.
____ 62. Which of the following cell types is diploid?
a. ovum
b. sex cell
c. somatic cell
d. gamete
____ 63. A distinguishing characteristic that can be inherited is a(n)
a. cross.
b. allele.
c. gene.
d. trait.
____ 64. Which of the following technological improvements most directly aided the development of the cell theory?
a. the ink pen
b. improved eyeglasses
c. the invention of the compound microscope
d. the invention of the telephone
____ 65. Which of the following statements is true of homozygous alleles?
a. They are always inherited together.
b. They are different forms of the same trait.
c. They are identical forms of the same gene.
d. They are identical forms of two different genes.
____ 66. Which property of carbon makes it the "building block of life"?
a. its covalent bonding
b. its ability to dissolve substances
c. its specific heat
d. its hydrogen bonding
____ 67. Which pair of genes in Figure 6.2 would be most likely to be inherited together?
a.
b.
c.
d.
A and B
A and C
A and D
A and E
____ 68. Which substance would be considered to be the solute in Figure 2.1?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Substance A is the solution and substance B is the solvent.
Substance A is the solute because it is smaller than substance B.
Substance B is the solute because it is present in smaller amounts.
Both substances A and B are solutes.
____ 69. Mendel's second law of genetics, the law of independent assortment, is one explanation of the
a. random fertilization of gametes.
b. genetic variation within species.
c. greater strength of dominant alleles.
d. final stages of gametogenesis.
____ 70. Which of the following events is an important factor in increasing variety among sexually reproducing
organisms?
a. testcross
b. gene linkage
c. crossing over
d. mitosis
____ 71. Imagine two heterozygous parents. Each has a dominant allele ‘B’ for brown eyes and a recessive allele ‘b’
for blue eyes. The phenotypic ratio for brown:blue eyes in their children is
a. 1:2:1.
b. 3:1.
c. 9:3:3:1.
d. 1:3:1.
____ 72. In all organisms, substances are transported in and out of cells. What is required for the process of active
transport but NOT for the process of passive transport?
a. Concentration gradient
b. energy
c. Carrier proteins
d. ions
____ 73. Which is true about an outcome (dependent) variable in an experiment?
a. It is the experimental data.
b. It is manipulated by a scientist.
c. It never changes during the experiment.
d. It is not affected by the independent variable.
____ 74. During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate from each other?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
____ 75. Scientists use scientific thinking to test
a. data.
b. hypotheses.
c. observations.
d. conclusions.