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TOPIC
OCR
AQA
EDEXCEL
3.2.9 Genetic comparisons can be made
between different species by direct
examination of their DNA
Comparison of DNA base sequences is used
to elucidate relationships between
organisms.
3.5.8 cutting DNA at specific, palindromic
recognition sequences using restriction
endonucleases
• the polymerse chain reaction (PCR).
The technique of genetic fingerprinting in
analysing DNA fragments, that have been
cloned by PCR, and its use in determining
genetic relationships and in determining
the genetic variability within a population. •
explain the biological principles that
underpin genetic fingerprinting techniques
• interpret data showing the results of gel
electrophoresis to separate DNA
fragments
• explain why scientists might use genetic
fingerprints in the fields of forensic
science, medical diagnosis, animal and plant
breeding.
3.5.7 Totipotent cells are cells that can
mature into any body cell.
In mature plants, many cells remain
totipotent. They have the ability to develop
in vitro into whole plants or into plant
organs when given the correct conditions.
Unit 4 7.4 Topic 6:
5 Describe how DNA profiling is
used for identification and
determining genetic relationships
between organisms (plants
and animals).
6 Describe how DNA can be
amplified using the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
7 Describe how gel electrophoresis
can be used to separate DNA
fragments of different length.
5.5 Variation and evolution
d) Genetic fingerprinting of an
individual produces a unique
pattern of bands of DNA. Gene
amplification, PCR.
Uses of this technique and
associated issues.
Unit 2 2.3 Topic 3:
12 Describe how totipotency can
be demonstrated
practically using plant tissue culture
techniques.
4.3.1 Photosynthesis
(f) define the term photosynthetic pigment;
(g) explain the importance of photosynthetic
pigments in photosynthesis;
(o) describe the effect on the rate of
photosynthesis, of changing carbon dioxide
concentration, light intensity and temperature;
(q) describe how to investigate experimentally the
factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis
3.4.3
Light energy excites electrons in chlorophyll
The principle of limiting factors as applied to
the effects of temperature, carbon dioxide
concentration and light intensity on the rate
of photosynthesis.
The effect of a specific limiting factor such as
light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration
or temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis.
2.3.4 Maintaining Biodiversity
d)describe the conservation of endangered plant
and animal species, both in situ and ex situ,
(e) discuss the role of botanic gardens in the ex
explain how conservation relies on science to
inform decision-making.
Unit 4 3.3 Topic 5:
2 Describe the structure of
chloroplasts in relation to their role
in photosynthesis.
Describe the light-dependent
reactions of photosynthesis
including how light energy is
trapped by exciting electrons in
chlorophyll.
Describe the overall reaction of
photosynthesis as requiring energy
from light.
Unit 2 2.4 Topic 4: Biodiversity and
natural resources
Discuss and evaluate the methods
used by zoos and seedbanks in the
5.6 Applications of reproduction
and genetics.
a) The principles involved in cloning
as illustrated by:
tissue cultures of animals,
micropropagation of plants.
The advantages and disadvantages.
4.3 Photosynthesis
Suggested Practical Activities:
Separation of chloroplast pigments
by
chromatography.
A quantitative investigation of the
effects of different
coloured/wavelength light
on the rate of photosynthesis.
DNA
5.2.3 Genomes and Gene Technologies
Define the term recombinant DNA;
Outline how DNA fragments can be separated by
size using electrophoresis
Outline how the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
can be used to make multiple copies of DNA
fragments;
CLONING
5.2.1 Cloning in Plants and Animals
(c) describe the production of artificial clones of
plants from tissue culture;
(d) discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
plant cloning in agriculture
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CONSERVATION/
MSB
WJEC
5.8 Effects of Human activities and
sustainability
Reasons for species becoming
endangered and causes of
BIODIVERSITY
ECOLOGY
STATISTICS
situ conservation of rare plant species or plant
species extinct in the wild, with reference to seed
banks;
f) discuss the importance of international cooperation in species conservation with reference to
The Convention in International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES) and the Rio
Convention on Biodiversity.
2.2.2 Health and Disease
o) outline possible new sources of medicines, with
reference to microorganisms and plants and the
need to maintain biodiversity.
2.3.1 Biodiversity
define the terms species, habitat and biodiversity;
(b) explain how biodiversity may be considered at
different levels; habitat, species and genetic;
(c) explain the importance of sampling in
measuring the biodiversity of a habitat.
2.3.1 Biodiversity
(a) define the terms species, habitat and
biodiversity;
(b) explain how biodiversity may be considered at
different levels; habitat, species and genetic;
(c) explain the importance of sampling in
measuring the biodiversity of a habitat
5.3.1 Ecosystems
(c) define the terms biotic factor and abiotic factor,
using named examples; (i) describe one example
of primary succession resulting in a climax
community; (j) describe how the distribution and
abundance of organisms can be measured, using
line transects, belt transects, quadrats and point
quadrats
2.3.1 Biodiversity
describe how random samples can be taken when
measuring biodiversity;
(e) describe how to measure species richness and
species evenness in a habitat;
(f) use Simpson’s Index of Diversity (D) to calculate
the biodiversity of a habitat, using the formula
D = 1-(Σ (n/N)2) ;(g)outline the significance of both
high and low values of Simpson’s Index of
Diversity (D);
conservation of endangered species
and their genetic diversity (eg
scientific research, captive breeding
programmes, reintroduction
programmes and
education).
extinction.
The conservation of gene pools in
the wild and in captivity.
Case studies on individual
conservation projects.
3.2.11 Biodiversity may be measured within
a habitat.
The influence of deforestation and the
impact of agriculture on species diversity.
Unit 2 2.4 Topic 4: Biodiversity and
natural resources
Explain the terms biodiversity and
endemism and describe
how biodiversity can be measured
within a habitat using
species richness
2.1 Biodiversity is the number of
different organisms on the planet.
Biodiversity varies spatially and over
time.
3.4.1
Within a habitat a species occupies a niche
governed by adaptation to both biotic
and abiotic conditions.
Random sampling with quadrats and
counting along transects to obtain
quantitative
data.
The use of percentage cover and frequency
as measures of abundance.
The use of mark–release–recapture for more
mobile species.
3.4.7
Succession from pioneer species to climax
community.
Conservation of habitats frequently involves
management of succession.
Calculation of an index of diversity from the
formula
d =N (N – 1)/Σ n (n – 1)
The Natural Environment and
Species Survival Unit 4
Explain that the numbers and
distribution of organisms in a
habitat are controlled by biotic and
abiotic factors. Describe how to
carry out a study on the ecology of
a habitat to produce valid and
reliable data (including
the use of quadrats and transects
to assess abundance
and distribution of organisms
Explain how the concept of niche
accounts for distribution and
abundance of organisms in a
habitat. Describe the concept of
succession to a climax community.
Use of suitable statistical tests in
the individual project and
appropriate laboratory
investigations,
eg ecological investigation — Topic
5.
The concept of ecosystems.
The concept of habitat and
community.
Principles of succession as
illustrated by the change from bare
rock to woodland.
Use of terms primary and
secondary succession, pioneers,
sere and climax community.
A2 ecology, fieldwork and
appropriate
statistical analysis could be included