Download Simple Marine Organisms

Simple Marine Organisms
Zooplankton, Sponges, Rotifers
and Bryozoans
Zooplankton
•Phytoplankton are the photosynthetic
microorganisms in the water column
–They include the unicellular algae such as diatoms,
coccolithophores, cyanobacteria, and dinoflagellates
•Zooplankton are the heterotrophic microorgaisms
that are suspended in the water column
–They include many permanent zooplankton such as
radiolarians and foramaniferans but also temporary
organisms such as:
•fish and invertebrate larvae
•small invertebrates such as copepods
Zooplankton
Zooplankton
Sponges
Sponges
•Sponges are considered to be the simplest Phylum
of Animals
•They are called Porifera which means Pore Bearers
–This refers to the holes that cover the sponge’s body
–The pores are called Ostia (singular: Ostium)
•They have no symmetry to their bodies
•They lack organs and contain only a small number
of simple tissues
•They filter water by creating currents through
their pores.
Sponges
•The water exits
the sponge
through a large
opening or set of
openings called
Oscula (singluar:
Osculum)
Sponges
•The water exits
the sponge
through a large
opening or set of
openings called
Oscula (singluar:
Osculum)
Sponges
•Choanocytes
(collar cells) are
specialized cells
that use flagella to
move a steady
current of water
through the
sponge.
Sponges
•Choanocytes
(collar cells) are
specialized cells
that use flagella to
move a steady
current of water
through the
sponge.
Sponges
•Sponges have a skeleton made of spines
called spicules
–Spicules may be made from silica or calcium
•Spicules are made by archaeocytes,
which are specialized cells that move
around within the walls of the sponge.
–Archaeocytes are also called Amoebacytes
Sponges
•Sponges have a
skeleton made of
spines called spicules
–Spicules may be made
from silica or calcium
•Spicules are made by
archaeocytes, which
are specialized cells
that move around
within the walls of the
sponge.
–Archaeocytes are also
called Amoebacytes
Archaeocyte
Sponges
•Feeding
•Sponges are filter feeders.
•As water moves through the sponge, food
particles are trapped and engulfed by
choanocytes that line the body cavity.
•These particles are then digested or passed on
to archaeocytes, who complete the digestive
process and transport digested food throughout
the sponge
Sponges
•Feeding
•Sponges are filter feeders.
•As water moves through the sponge, food
particles are trapped and engulfed by
choanocytes that line the body cavity.
•These particles are then digested or passed on
to archaeocytes, who complete the digestive
process and transport digested food throughout
the sponge
Sponges
•Reproduction
•Sponges can reproduce sexually or
asexually.
–In most sponge species, a single sponge
forms both eggs and sperm by meiosis.
–The eggs are fertilized inside the sponge’s
body, in a process called internal
fertilization.
Sponges
•Sperm are released
from one sponge and
are carried by water
currents until they
enter the pores of
another sponge.
Sponges
Archaeocytes carry the sperm to an egg.
Sponges
•After
fertilization, the
zygote develops
into a larva.
Sponges
•After
fertilization, the
zygote develops
into a larva.
Sponges
Sponges
•Sponges are very resilient organisms
•In the right conditions the sponge can
reproduce from a small group of
archeocytes called a gemmule
•Some sponges can regrow after being run
through a blender
•Some sponges harbor zooxanthellae algae
which allow them to use photosynthesis for
nutrition
Sponges
Sponges
Sponges
Sponges
Sponges
Rotifers
•Rotifers
•A phylum of small animals named for the
“wheel shaped” cilia around the mouth
•Have fully developed organ systems
•Able to expand and contract the body
•Some are predatory others eat phytoplankton
and bacteria
Rotifers
Rotifers
Rotifers
Bryozoans
•Bryozoans are the “Moss” Animals
•They form fuzzy colonies on the surface of
rocks
•They have a one way digestive tract
•They eat plankton and other particles that
are drawn in by their ciliated tentacles
•Bodies are contained in a “box” made of
Calcium or Chitin
Bryozoans
•Bryozoans are the “Moss” Animals
•They form fuzzy colonies on the surface of
rocks
•They have a one way digestive tract
•They eat plankton and other particles that
are drawn in by their ciliated tentacles
•Bodies are contained in a “box” made of
Calcium or Chitin
Bryozoans
•Reproduce by budding or “broadcast”
spawning
•Individuals are usually hermaphrodites and
frequently self fertilize
Bryozoans
Bryozoans
Bryozoans