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Unit 3 in Context Nurture (Experience) ranges from input to action Perception – Input Learning - Action Between Input & Action: (subsequent units) Memory Thinking (Problem solving, inference, decision making, creativity) Communication Some Thoughts on Learning Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of experience “relatively permanent” “experience” (information is processed) Learning is observed in behavior Learning & Memory Go Together Memory - The study of how information from experience is stored, retrieved, and used Learning – The study of how behavior changes with experience Learning versus Performance Learning versus Performance Learning versus Performance The Biological Value of Learning 1.) Inflexible: hard wired Instincts Pine Processionary The Biological Value of Learning 1.) Inflexible: hard wired Instincts Pine Processionary Releasing Stimuli Aggression Mating The Biological Value of Learning 2.) Maximum Flexibility: completely soft wired Tabula Rasa A Compromise View 3.) Hybrid: Soft/Hard wired Some hardwiring Programmable (soft wiring) Example: Language Kinds of Learning Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning Observational Learning Complex Learning (Ideas) Operant Conditioning Skinner Box Operant Conditioning An Extreme View John B. Watson: Father of Behaviorism: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. ..” Li’l Albert http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE Early Ideas About Learning All is learned (tabula rasa) Learning is gradual, incremental Anything can be learned All is Learned Evidence: Gender Differences in Heterosexual Attractiveness for long-term mates Males: physical attributes of females Females: ability of male to add resources WHR Biological Value of WHR .7 Males: Physical attractiveness (correlated with health) Females: Resources (care of offspring) Learning Is Always Gradual? All Can be Learned Equally Well? Principles of conditioning apply to all possible combinations of stimulus events. Is learning always gradual, incremental, and can any combination of events and responses be learned equally well? Conditioned Taste Aversion The Phenomenon Implications One Trial Learning Selectivity of Learning What can Rats Learn? US Illness Taste CS Place Shock What can Rats Learn? Illness Shock Taste YES No Place No Yes A Complex Application of Pavlovian Conditioning: Heroine Overdose Death The Phenomenon The Explanation: Phobias and Classical Conditoning Definition Examples Conditioning Explanation Drug Injection Drug Effect Drug Effect US Drug Opposite Effect UR “Environmental CUES ’’ CS + Drug Opposite Effect UR CS elicits Drug Opposite Effect Before Drug Effect Tolerance Change “Cues” No Drug Opposite Effect Change “Cues” No Drug Opposite Effect D O A