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HONORS ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 Skeletal System 1 7.1: Introduction • Human skeleton is initially cartilages and fibrous membranes • ____________ cartilage is the most abundant cartilage • ____________the skeleton is completely hardened • 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass) • ___________of the axial skeleton • ___________of the appendicular skeleton 2 7.1: Introduction ◦ Bones are the organs of the skeletal system and are composed of many tissues, including bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue. ◦ Bones functions include: • • • • Supporting and protecting softer tissues Providing points of attachment for muscles Housing blood-producing cells Storing inorganic salts 3 Bone Classification Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Bone Classification: • Long Bones • Short Bones (b) •Including Sesamoid bones • Flat Bones • Irregular Bones (c) (d) 4 (a) (e) Long Bones Short Bones ◦ Long longitudinal axes and expanded ends ◦ Somewhat cube-like, with roughly equal lengths and widths ◦ (I.E. ________________) ◦ (I.E. ____________) 5 Flat Bones ◦ Plate-like with broad surfaces Irregular Bones ◦ Variety of shapes and most are connected to several other bones ◦ (I.E. _______________) ◦ (I.E. _______________) 6 7.2: Bone Structure • Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in size and shape • There is similarity in structure, development, and function 7 Parts of a Long Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epiphyseal plates • Epiphysis • Distal • Proximal • Diaphysis • Compact bone (cortical bone) • Spongy bone (cancellous bone) • Periosteum • Endosteum • Medullary cavity • Trabeculae • Bone marrow • Red marrow and yellow marrow Articular cartilage Spongy bone Proximal epiphysis Metaphysis Space containing red marrow Endosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Periosteum Diaphysis Metaphysis Distal epiphysis 8 ◦ Epiphysis – ◦ Proximal – ◦ Distal – ◦ Diaphysis – ◦ Compact Bone (cortical bone) – ◦ Spongy Bone (cancellous bone) – 9 ◦ Medullary cavity – ◦ Periosteum – ◦ Endosteum – ◦ 10 Quiz # 1 Know bone classification Be able to identify the bone if given to you (ie. Long, short, irregular, flat) Be able to identify parts of a bone in a diagram 11 Microscopic Structure • Mature bone cells are called _____________ •Located in tiny, bony chambers called _________ • Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes • The extracellular matrix of bone is largely __________ and ______________ • Collagen gives bone ____________ • Inorganic salts make bone ________________ 12 Compact Bone • Osteon • Haversian System • Central canal • Perforating canal • Volkmann’s canal • Osteocytes • Lamellae • Lacunae • Bone matrix • Canaliculi Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Osteon Central canal containing blood vessels and nerves Endosteum Periosteum Nerve Blood vessels Pores Central canal Perforating canal Compact bone Nerve Blood vessels Nerve Trabeculae Bone matrix Canaliculus Osteocyte Lacuna (space) 13 Spongy Bone Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Spongy bone extracellular matrix is laid down in trabeculae but cells do not form around central canals they lie within the lacunae in the trabeculae. • Canaliculi Spongy bone Compact bone (a) Remnant of Spongy bone Compact bone (b) epiphyseal plate (c) Spongy bone Compact bone a: © Ed Reschke; b: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.; c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr. 14 7.3: Bone Development and Growth • Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few weeks of prenatal development • Bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in one of two ways: • As intramembranous bones •As endochondral bones 15 Intramembranous Bones • Intramembranous Ossification • These bones _________________________________ • They are the broad, flat bones • Flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones • ____________ are bone forming cells: they deposit bony matrix around themselves; once they are isolated in lacunae they are called osteocytes 16 Endochondral Bones • Endochondral Ossification • Bones begin as ____________ • Form models for future bones • These are most bones of the skeleton • They grow rapidly and then change as bone tissue replaces hyaline cartilage 17 Endochondral Ossification • Hyaline cartilage model • Primary ossification center • Secondary ossification centers • Epiphyseal plate • Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cartilaginous model Developing periosteum Remnants of epiphyseal plates Secondary ossification center Compact bone developing Spongy bone Epiphyseal plates Blood vessel Calcified cartilage (a) (b) Medullary cavity (c) Medullary cavity Compact bone Medullary cavity Remnant of epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal plate Primary ossification center Secondary ossification center (d) Articular cartilage Spongy bone Articular cartilage (e) (f) 18 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Zone of resting cartilage (1st layer of cells) Bone tissue of epiphysis 1 Zone of resting cartilage • Closest to the end of epiphysis • Resting cells • Anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis 2 Zone of proliferating cartilage 3 Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4 Zone of calcified cartilage • Zone of proliferating cartilage (2nd layer of cells) • Many rows of young cells • Undergoing mitosis Ossified bone of diaphysis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 19 19 Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate • Zone of hypertrophic cartilage (3rd layer of cells) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bone tissue of epiphysis • Older cells • Left behind when new cells appear • Cells enlarging and becoming calcified 1 Zone of resting cartilage 2 Zone of proliferating cartilage 3 Zone of hypertrophic cartilage • Zone of calcified cartilage (4th layer of cells) • Thin • Dead cells • Calcified extracellular matrix 4 Zone of calcified cartilage Ossified bone of diaphysis (a) (b) b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer 20 20 Homeostasis of Bone Tissue • Bone remodeling occurs throughout life • Bone Resorption ___________________ • Bone Deposition – __________________ • 10% - 20% of skeleton is replaced each year Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Developing medullary cavity Osteoclast 21 © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth and Repair • Deficiency of Vitamin A – __________________ • Deficiency of Vitamin C – __________________ • Deficiency of Vitamin D – __________________ • Insufficient Growth Hormone – ________________ • Excessive Growth Hormone – __________________ • Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – ___________________ • Sex Hormones (testosterone/estrogen) – ___________________ • Physical Stress – __________________ 22 ◦Quiz 2 ◦ Understand microscopic bone structure ◦ Differentiate between compact and spongy bone ◦ Explain intramembranous ossification ◦ Explain endochondral ossification ◦ Differentiate factors affecting bone growth/development ◦ Differentiate growth and epiphysial plate 23 7.4: Bone Function • Bones shape, support, and protect body structures • They also house tissues that produce blood cells • They also store various inorganic salts 24 Support, Protection, and Movement • Support, Movement & Protection • Gives shape to ______, ______, ________, and ______ • Supports body’s weight • Protects lungs, heart, etc. • Bones and muscles interact when limbs or body parts move 25 Blood Cell Formation • Blood Cell Formation • Also known as _______________ • __________________________________ • Red Bone Marrow – •Yellow Bone Marrow – 26 Inorganic Salt Storage • Inorganic Salt Storage • Most abundant salt is _______________ that is broken down and used in cellular processes (muscle contraction, blood clot formation, etc) •Other salts include •Magnesium ions •Sodium ions •Potassium ions •Carbonate ions • ________________ is a condition that results from loss of bone mineral 27 7.5: Skeletal Organization • The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person • Typically there are about 206 bones • Some people develop __________– bones that develop in the suture lines of fused bones • Some people develop _____________in the tendons – they reduce friction 28 Divisions of the Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Axial Skeleton • _______ • _________ • ______________ Cranium Skull Face Hyoid Clavicle Scapula Sternum Humerus Ribs • Appendicular Skeleton • ______________ • _______________ • ______________ • ______________ Vertebral column Vertebral column Hip bone Carpals Radius Sacrum Ulna Coccyx Phalanges Femur Metacarpals Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals 29 Phalanges (a) (b) 7.6: Skull • Is composed of the ______ and the ________ bones • __________ bones that are firmly interlocked along sutures •_________ make up the cranium •_________ form the facial skeleton •Mandible – 30 Cranium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Frontal Bone (1) • Forehead • Roof of nasal cavity • Roofs of orbits • Frontal sinuses • Supraorbital foramen (nerves and blood pass) • Single bone in adults; developing from two parts Parietal bone Frontal bone Coronal suture Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone Infraorbital foramen Vomer bone Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone Sphenoid bone Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone Zygomatic bone Inferior nasal concha Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen 31 Cranium • Parietal Bones (2) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Side walls of cranium • Roof of cranium Parietal bone • Sagittal suture Squamous suture • Coronal suture Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 32 Cranium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Occipital Bone (1) • Back of skull • Base of cranium • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles • Lambdoidal suture Incisive foramen Palatine process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Zygomatic arch Vomer bone Median palatine suture Palatine bone Greater palatine foramen Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Styloid process External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle Mastoid foramen Temporal bone Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Carotid canal Jugular foramen Stylomastoid foramen Foramen magnum Lambdoid suture Condylar canal Occipital bone 33 Cranium • Temporal Bones (2) • ________________ • ______________ • __________________ • Squamous suture • External acoustic meatus • Mandibular fossa • Mastoid process • Styloid process • Zygomatic process Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygomatic bone Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 34 Cranium • Sphenoid Bone (1) • Base of cranium • ______________ • _____________ • Sella turcica • Sphenoid sinuses • Lesser wing Optic canal Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum Transverse section (a) Sella turcica Foramen ovale Lesser wing Greater wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Lateral pterygoid plate (b) Medial pterygoid plate 35 Cranium • Ethmoid Bone (1) • __________________ • Floor of cranium • Wall of orbits • Cribiform plates • Perpendicular plate • Superior and middle nasal conchae Transverse section • Ethmoid sinuses • Crista galli • Perpendicular plate Crista galli Crista galli Superior nasal concha Cribriform plate Ethmoidal sinuses Orbital surface (a) Middle nasal concha Perpendicular plate (b) 36 Facial Skeleton • Maxillae Bones (2) • Upper jaw • _________________ • Floors of orbits • Sides of nasal cavity • Floors of nasal cavity • Alveolar processes • Maxillary sinuses • Palatine process • Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Temporal process of zygoma Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 37 Facial Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus 38 Facial Skeleton • Palatine Bones (2) • ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae • Posterior section of hard palate • __________________ • Lateral walls of nasal cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Perpendicular portion Coronal section Horizontal portion 39 Facial Skeleton • Zygomatic Bones (2) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _________________ Parietal bone • _________________ Squamous suture • Floors of orbits • Temporal process (extends Lambdoid suture Occipital bone to join the zygomatic process Temporal bone of a temporal bone) External acoustic meatus • Mastoid process Coronal suture Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Zygomatic bone Temporal process of zygoma Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 40 Facial Skeleton • Lacrimal Bones (2) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Medial walls of orbits • Groove from orbit to nasal Parietal bone cavity ________________ Coronal suture Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone Lambdoid suture Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Occipital bone • Nasal Bones (2) • Bridge of nose • _______________ Temporal bone Zygomatic bone External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Temporal process of zygoma Maxilla Mandibular condyle Styloid process Mental foramen Zygomatic process of temporal bone Mandible Coronoid process 41 Facial Skeleton • Vomer Bone (1) • Inferior portion of nasal septum • ________________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronal suture Temporal bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous suture Sphenoid bone • Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) • Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity • Ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Lambdoid suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Perpendicular plate (nasal septum) Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Sella turcica Inferior nasal concha Palatine process of maxilla Maxilla Hypoglossal canal Styloid process Foramen magnum Sphenoidal sinus Mastoid process Palatine bone Vomer bone Mandible Alveolar processes 42 Facial Skeleton • Mandible Bone (1) •______________ • Body • Ramus • Mandibular condyle • Coronoid process • Alveolar process • Mandibular foramen • Mental foramen • Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Coronoid process Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Mandibular condyle Body Ramus Alveolar process Mandibular foramen Body Mental foramen (a) (b) Alveolar arch 43 Infantile Skull • Fontanels – fibrous membranes (soft spots) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior fontanel Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Posterior fontanel Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Mastoid fontanel (posterolateral fontanel) Sphenoid bone Mandible Temporal bone (a) Sphenoidal fontanel (anterolateral fontanel) Frontal suture (metopic suture) Frontal bone Anterior fontanel Sagittal suture Posterior fontanel (b) 44 Quiz 3 ◦Understand blood cell formation ◦Understand inorganic salt storage ◦Differentiate divisions of skeleton ◦Identify sinuses (label) ◦Explain make-up of the skull ◦Know cranial bones ◦Be able to label bones of skull (including facial) 45 7.7: Vertebral Column • The vertebral column consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs • Forms the ___________________ • Supports the ____________________ • Flexible • Protects the _____________ •Vertebral canal (spinal cord passes through) 46 Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Cervical vertebrae _______ • Thoracic vertebrae ________ • Lumbar vertebrae _______ • Sacral (4-5 fused segments) • ______________ • Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments) • _______________ Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Sacral curvature 47 Coccyx (a) (b) Vertebral Column Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. •Curvatures give resiliency – names correspond to location • Cervical curvature • Thoracic curvature • Lumbar curvature • Sacral curvature Cervical curvature Cervical vertebrae Vertebra prominens Rib facet Thoracic vertebrae Thoracic curvature Intervertebral Intervertebral foramina Lumbar curvature Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Sacral curvature 48 Coccyx (a) (b) Typical Vertebrae • Includes the following parts: • Body • Pedicles (form sides of foramen) • Lamina & Spinous process • Transverse processes • Vertebral foramen • Facets • Superior and inferior articular processes 49 Cervical Vertebrae • Atlas – 1st; ____________ • Axis – 2nd; ______________ Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Posterior Facet that articulates with occipital condyle Vertebral foramen • Transverse foramina • Bifid spinous processes (on C2-C6) • Attachment of muscles • Vertebral prominens (on C7)– useful landmark (felt through skin) Transverse process Anterior Facet that articulates with dens (odontoid process) of axis Atlas (a) Transverse foramen Anterior articular facet for atlas Spinous process Spinous process Dens Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Body Inferior articular process (b) Transverse process (c) Axis Dens (odontoid process) 50 Thoracic Vertebrae Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior articular process Pedicle Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular facet Body Inferior vertebral notch Body Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular facet (a) Spinous process Inferior articular process Lamina Intervertebral disc Transverse process Facet for tubercle of rib Superior articular facet Vertebral foramen Spinous process Anterior Pedicle Body (b) Posterior 51 (c) Lumbar Vertebrae • Large bodies • Thick, short spinous processes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinous process Lamina Superior articular process Transverse process Pedicle Vertebral foramen Body (c) Lumbar vertebra 52 Sacrum • 4-5 fused segments • Median sacral crest • Posterior sacral foramina • Posterior wall of pelvic cavity • Sacral promontory base • Area toward coccyx is the apex • Sacral canal • Sacral hiatus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen (a) Sacral canal Auricular surface Tubercle of median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) 53 Coccyx • Tailbone • 3-5 fused segments Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacral promontory Superior articular process Sacrum Anterior sacral foramen (a) Sacral canal Auricular surface Tubercle of median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramen Sacral hiatus Coccyx (b) 54 7.8: Thoracic Cage • The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum. • Supports ___________________ • Protects ______________ • Role in _______________ 55 Ribs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Thoracic vertebra Sternal angle 1 Clavicular notch 2 Manubrium 3 • Humans have _______of ribs: • True ribs ______ • False ribs _____ – do not connect to the sternum, of which: True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Sternum Body 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) • Floating _____ 56 (b) b: © Thinkstock/Jupiterimages RF Rib Structure Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Neck Head • Shaft • Head – posterior end; articulates with _______ • Tubercle – articulates with _________ • Costal cartilage – hyaline cartilage Tubercle Anterior end Shaft Costal groove (a) Spinous process Facet Tubercle Neck Head Facet Shaft (b) Anterior end (sternal end) 57 Sternum Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Three (3) parts of the sternum: • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process Jugular notch (suprasternal notch) Thoracic vertebra Sternal angle 1 Clavicular notch 2 Manubrium 3 True ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) 4 5 Sternum Body 6 7 Xiphoid process 8 False ribs Vertebrochondral ribs Ribs 9 Costal cartilage 10 11 Floating ribs (vertebral ribs) 12 (a) 58 (b) b: © Thinkstock/Jupiterimages RF 7.9: Pectoral Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Also known as the shoulder girdle • Clavicles • Scapulae • Supports upper limbs • Attachment ________ Acromial end Sternal end Acromion process Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Scapula Rib Costal cartilage Humerus Ulna Radius (a) 59 Clavicles Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • S-shaped • Articulate with _______ • Articulate with ___________ •Help to hold the shoulders in place •Provide attachment for ___________________ •______________ Acromial end Sternal end Acromion process Clavicle Head of humerus Coracoid process Sternum Scapula Rib Costal cartilage Humerus Ulna Radius (a) 60 Scapulae • Spine • Supraspinous fossa • Infraspinous fossa • Acromion process • Coracoid process • Glenoid fossa or cavity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion process Acromion process Coracoid process Supraglenoid tubercle Spine Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa (a) Glenoid cavity Subscapular fossa Lateral (axillary) border Medial (vertebral) border (b) (c) 61 Quiz 4 ◦Identify vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) ◦Identify parts of the vertebrae (body, transverse process, etc) ◦Identify sacrum, coccyx, clavicle, ribs, clavicle ◦Identify sternum & acromion process/coracoid process 62 7.10: Upper Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges Humerus Humerus Olecranon process Olecranon fossa Head of radius Neck of radius Ulna (c) Radius Ulna Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges (a) Hand (palm anterior) (b) Hand (palm posterior) (d) © Martin Rotker 63 Humerus Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Head • Greater tubercle • Lesser tubercle • Anatomical neck • Surgical neck • Deltoid tuberosity • Capitulum • Trochlea • Coronoid fossa • Olecranon fossa Greater tubercle Intertubercular groove Lesser tubercle Greater tubercle Head Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Coronoid fossa Lateral epicondyle Olecranon fossa Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Capitulum 64 Trochlea (a) (b) Radius Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Lateral forearm bone • Thumb side of forearm • Head • Radial tuberosity __________ • Styloid process ____________ •Shorter than ulna Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process (a) Ulnar notch of radius 65 Ulna Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Medial forearm bone • Trochlear notch ____________ • Olecranon process ____________ • Coronoid process • Styloid process _____________ Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Head of radius Olecranon process Radial tuberosity Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch Radius (b) Ulna Head of ulna Styloid process Styloid process (a) Ulnar notch of radius 66 Hand Each hand is made of wrist, palm, and fingers •Carpal Bones ________ • Scaphoid • Lunate • Triquetral • Pisiform • Hamate • Capitate • Trapezoid • Trapezium Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 1 Metacarpals (metacarpus) 2 5 5 3 4 4 3 2 Proximal phalanx Phalanges Middle phalanx Distal phalanx • Proximal phalanx • Middle phalanx • Distal phalanx Scaphoid Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium Carpals (carpus) • Metacarpal Bones ___ • Phalangeal Bones _____ Radius Ulna Lunate Hamate Triquetrum Pisiform Scaphoid Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium (a) (b) 67 7.11: Pelvic Girdle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Coxal Bones (2) – hip bones • Supports __________ • Protects ________ • Forms _________ • Provides ___________ Sacral canal Ilium Sacrum Sacral hiatus Coccyx Ischium (b) Pubis Obturator foramen Sacroiliac joint Ilium Sacral promontory Sacrum Acetabulum Pubis Pubic symphysis Pubic tubercle Ischium 68 Pubic arch (a) c: © Martin Rotker (c) Hip Bones • Also known as the coxal bones • Acetabulum • Obturator foramen • There are three bones: Iliac crest Iliac fossa 1. Ilium Anterior • Iliac crest • Iliac spines • Greater sciatic notch 2. Ischium • Ischial spines • Lesser sciatic notch • Ischial tuberosity 3. Pubis • Obturator foramen • Pubic symphysis • Pubic arch Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Iliac crest superior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Ilium Anterior inferior iliac spine Ilium Posterior inferior iliac spine Obturator foramen Greater sciatic notch Acetabulum Obturator foramen Pubis Ischium Ischial spine Lesser sciatic notch Pubic crest Ischium Pubis Pubic tubercle Ischial tuberosity (a) (b) 69 True and False Pelvis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. True Pelvis is below ________ and false pelvis is above ___________ • False Pelvis • Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly • Iliac bones laterally • Abdominal wall anteriorly • True Pelvis • Sacrum and coccyx posteriorly • Lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones laterally and anteriorly Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Pubic symphysis (a) Pubic arch Sacral promontory 70 (b) Pubic arch Differences Between Male Female Pelvis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Female pelvis • Iliac bones more flared • _____________ • __________________ • More distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities • Sacral curvature shorter and flatter • _____________ •Show less evidence of muscle attachment •________________ Flared ilium Sacral promontory Pelvic brim Pubic symphysis (a) Pubic arch Sacral promontory 71 (b) Pubic arch 7.12: Lower Limb Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges Femur Patella Femur Fibula Tibia (c)Lateral view Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals (d)Posterior view 72 Phalanges (b) Femur Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • ____________________ • Head • Fovea capitis • Neck • Greater trochanter • Lesser trochanter • Linea aspera • Condyles • Epicondyles Fovea capitis Neck Head Greater trochanter Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa (a) Patellar surface (b) 73 Patella Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _________ • Anterior surface of the knee Femur joint • Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon •Controls angle and functions Patella as a lever for lower limb movements Fibula Femur Patella Fibula Tibia (c)Lateral view Femur Tibia Lateral condyle Medial condyle Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals (d)Posterior view 74 Phalanges (b) Tibia Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • _________ • Medial to fibula • Condyles • Tibial tuberosity • Anterior crest • Medial malleolus • Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Head of fibula Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus 75 Fibula Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. • Lateral to tibia • Long, slender • Head • Makes the lateral malleolus • Non-weight bearing • Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Head of fibula Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Fibula Tibia Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus 76 Foot • Tarsal Bones __________ • Calcaneus • Talus • Navicular • Cuboid • Lateral cuneiform • Intermediate cuneiform • Medial cuneiform Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Tibia Talus Medial cuneiformNavicular Metatarsals (metatarsus) • Metatarsal Bones _________ • Phalanges ____________ Calcaneus Phalanges Calcaneal tuberosity (b) Tarsals (tarsus) • Proximal • Middle • Distal 77 Foot Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Calcaneus Talus Tarsals (tarsus) Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform 5 4 3 2 1 Metatarsals (metatarsus) Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Phalanges 78 (a) 7.13: Joints • Functional junctions between bones • __________ • ___________ • ___________ • Bind parts of the skeleton • Make bone growth possible, permit parts of skeleton to change shape during childbirth, enable body to move in response to skeletal muscle contraction 79 Fibrous Joints ◦ Lie between bones that closely contact one another ◦ Thin layer of dense connective tissue joins the bones at such joints (ie. Suture joint of skull) ◦ _________________________________________ 80 Cartilaginous Joints ◦ Separate the vertebrae ◦ Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connects the bones of this type of joint ◦ Joint cavity filled with gelatinous core to help shock absorption and equalize pressure ◦ _____________________________ 81 Synovial Joints ◦ Majority of the joints in skeletal system ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Ball-and-socket Condylar Plane/gliding Hinge Pivot Saddle ◦ ________________________ ◦ Articular ends covered with hyaline cartilage ◦ Joint capsule composed of outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joints) ◦ Bursae ◦ Meniscus 82 83 84 Quiz 5 ◦Identify upper limbs ◦Identify lower limbs ◦Know difference between false/true pelvis ◦Know difference between male/female pelvis ◦Differentiate between joints/including identification 85