Download Chapter 7 - skeletal system

HONORS
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 7
Skeletal System
1
7.1: Introduction
• Human skeleton is initially cartilages and fibrous membranes
• ____________ cartilage is the most abundant cartilage
• ____________the skeleton is completely hardened
• 206 bones make up the adult skeleton (20% of body mass)
• ___________of the axial skeleton
• ___________of the appendicular skeleton
2
7.1: Introduction
◦ Bones are the organs of the skeletal system and are
composed of many tissues, including bone tissue, cartilage,
dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue.
◦ Bones functions include:
•
•
•
•
Supporting and protecting softer tissues
Providing points of attachment for muscles
Housing blood-producing cells
Storing inorganic salts
3
Bone Classification
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Bone Classification:
• Long Bones
• Short Bones
(b)
•Including Sesamoid
bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones
(c)
(d)
4
(a)
(e)
Long Bones
Short Bones
◦ Long longitudinal axes and
expanded ends
◦ Somewhat cube-like, with
roughly equal lengths and
widths
◦ (I.E. ________________)
◦ (I.E. ____________)
5
Flat Bones
◦ Plate-like with broad
surfaces
Irregular Bones
◦ Variety of shapes and most
are connected to several
other bones
◦ (I.E. _______________)
◦ (I.E. _______________)
6
7.2: Bone Structure
• Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in size and
shape
• There is similarity in structure, development, and
function
7
Parts of a Long Bone
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Epiphyseal plates
• Epiphysis
• Distal
• Proximal
• Diaphysis
• Compact bone (cortical bone)
• Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
• Medullary cavity
• Trabeculae
• Bone marrow
• Red marrow and yellow marrow
Articular cartilage
Spongy bone
Proximal
epiphysis
Metaphysis
Space containing
red marrow
Endosteum
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Distal
epiphysis
8
◦ Epiphysis –
◦ Proximal –
◦ Distal –
◦ Diaphysis –
◦ Compact Bone (cortical bone) –
◦ Spongy Bone (cancellous bone) –
9
◦ Medullary cavity –
◦ Periosteum –
◦ Endosteum –
◦
10
Quiz # 1
Know bone classification
Be able to identify the bone if given to you
(ie. Long, short, irregular, flat)
Be able to identify parts of a bone in a diagram
11
Microscopic Structure
• Mature bone cells are called _____________
•Located in tiny, bony chambers called _________
• Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes
• The extracellular matrix of bone is largely __________
and ______________
• Collagen gives bone ____________
• Inorganic salts make bone ________________
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Compact Bone
• Osteon
• Haversian System
• Central canal
• Perforating canal
• Volkmann’s canal
• Osteocytes
• Lamellae
• Lacunae
• Bone matrix
• Canaliculi
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Osteon
Central canal
containing blood
vessels and nerves
Endosteum
Periosteum
Nerve
Blood
vessels
Pores
Central
canal
Perforating
canal
Compact
bone
Nerve
Blood
vessels
Nerve
Trabeculae
Bone matrix
Canaliculus
Osteocyte
Lacuna
(space)
13
Spongy Bone
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• Spongy bone extracellular
matrix is laid down in
trabeculae but cells do not
form around central canals they
lie within the lacunae in the
trabeculae.
• Canaliculi
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
(a)
Remnant of
Spongy bone Compact bone
(b) epiphyseal plate
(c)
Spongy
bone
Compact
bone
a: © Ed Reschke; b: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.; c: Courtesy of John W. Hole, Jr.
14
7.3: Bone Development
and Growth
• Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the
first few weeks of prenatal development
• Bones form when bone tissue replaces existing
connective tissue in one of two ways:
• As intramembranous bones
•As endochondral bones
15
Intramembranous Bones
• Intramembranous Ossification
• These bones _________________________________
• They are the broad, flat bones
• Flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some
facial bones
• ____________ are bone forming cells: they deposit
bony matrix around themselves; once they are isolated in
lacunae they are called osteocytes
16
Endochondral Bones
• Endochondral Ossification
• Bones begin as ____________
• Form models for future bones
• These are most bones of the skeleton
• They grow rapidly and then change as bone tissue
replaces hyaline cartilage
17
Endochondral Ossification
• Hyaline cartilage model
• Primary ossification center
• Secondary ossification centers
• Epiphyseal plate
• Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
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Cartilaginous
model
Developing
periosteum
Remnants of
epiphyseal
plates
Secondary
ossification
center
Compact bone
developing
Spongy
bone
Epiphyseal
plates
Blood
vessel
Calcified
cartilage
(a)
(b)
Medullary
cavity
(c)
Medullary
cavity
Compact
bone
Medullary
cavity
Remnant of
epiphyseal
plate
Epiphyseal
plate
Primary
ossification
center
Secondary
ossification
center
(d)
Articular
cartilage
Spongy
bone
Articular
cartilage
(e)
(f)
18
Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
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• Zone of resting cartilage
(1st layer of cells)
Bone tissue
of epiphysis
1 Zone of
resting
cartilage
• Closest to the end of
epiphysis
• Resting cells
• Anchors epiphyseal plate
to epiphysis
2 Zone of
proliferating
cartilage
3 Zone of
hypertrophic
cartilage
4 Zone of
calcified
cartilage
• Zone of proliferating
cartilage (2nd layer of
cells)
• Many rows of young
cells
• Undergoing mitosis
Ossified
bone of
diaphysis
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
19
19
Growth at the Epiphyseal Plate
• Zone of hypertrophic
cartilage (3rd layer of cells)
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Bone tissue
of epiphysis
• Older cells
• Left behind when new
cells appear
• Cells enlarging and
becoming calcified
1 Zone of
resting
cartilage
2 Zone of
proliferating
cartilage
3 Zone of
hypertrophic
cartilage
• Zone of calcified
cartilage (4th layer of
cells)
• Thin
• Dead cells
• Calcified extracellular
matrix
4 Zone of
calcified
cartilage
Ossified
bone of
diaphysis
(a)
(b)
b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
20
20
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue
• Bone remodeling occurs throughout life
• Bone Resorption ___________________
• Bone Deposition – __________________
• 10% - 20% of skeleton is replaced each year
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Developing
medullary
cavity
Osteoclast
21
© Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Factors Affecting Bone Development,
Growth and Repair
• Deficiency of Vitamin A – __________________
• Deficiency of Vitamin C – __________________
• Deficiency of Vitamin D – __________________
• Insufficient Growth Hormone – ________________
• Excessive Growth Hormone – __________________
• Insufficient Thyroid Hormone – ___________________
• Sex Hormones (testosterone/estrogen) – ___________________
• Physical Stress – __________________
22
◦Quiz 2
◦ Understand microscopic bone structure
◦ Differentiate between compact and spongy bone
◦ Explain intramembranous ossification
◦ Explain endochondral ossification
◦ Differentiate factors affecting bone
growth/development
◦ Differentiate growth and epiphysial plate
23
7.4: Bone Function
• Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
• They also house tissues that produce blood cells
• They also store various inorganic salts
24
Support, Protection,
and Movement
• Support, Movement & Protection
• Gives shape to ______, ______, ________, and ______
• Supports body’s weight
• Protects lungs, heart, etc.
• Bones and muscles interact when limbs or body parts move
25
Blood Cell Formation
• Blood Cell Formation
• Also known as _______________
• __________________________________
• Red Bone Marrow –
•Yellow Bone Marrow –
26
Inorganic Salt Storage
• Inorganic Salt Storage
• Most abundant salt is _______________ that is broken down
and used in cellular processes (muscle contraction, blood clot
formation, etc)
•Other salts include
•Magnesium ions
•Sodium ions
•Potassium ions
•Carbonate ions
• ________________ is a condition that results from loss of bone
mineral
27
7.5: Skeletal Organization
• The actual number of bones in the human skeleton
varies from person to person
• Typically there are about 206 bones
• Some people develop __________– bones that
develop in the suture lines of fused bones
• Some people develop _____________in the
tendons – they reduce friction
28
Divisions of the Skeleton
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• Axial Skeleton
• _______
• _________
• ______________
Cranium
Skull
Face
Hyoid
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Humerus
Ribs
• Appendicular Skeleton
• ______________
• _______________
• ______________
• ______________
Vertebral
column
Vertebral
column
Hip bone
Carpals
Radius
Sacrum
Ulna
Coccyx
Phalanges
Femur
Metacarpals
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
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Phalanges
(a)
(b)
7.6: Skull
• Is composed of the ______ and the ________ bones
• __________ bones that are firmly interlocked along
sutures
•_________ make up the cranium
•_________ form the facial skeleton
•Mandible –
30
Cranium
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• Frontal Bone (1)
• Forehead
• Roof of nasal cavity
• Roofs of orbits
• Frontal sinuses
• Supraorbital foramen
(nerves and blood pass)
• Single bone in adults;
developing from two
parts
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Coronal suture
Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Perpendicular plate
of the ethmoid bone
Infraorbital foramen
Vomer bone
Supraorbital foramen
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
Middle nasal concha
of the ethmoid bone
Zygomatic bone
Inferior nasal concha
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental foramen
31
Cranium
• Parietal Bones (2)
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• Side walls of cranium
• Roof of cranium Parietal bone
• Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
• Coronal suture
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
32
Cranium
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• Occipital Bone (1)
• Back of skull
• Base of cranium
• Foramen magnum
• Occipital condyles
• Lambdoidal suture
Incisive foramen
Palatine process of maxilla
Zygomatic bone
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Zygomatic arch
Vomer bone
Median palatine suture
Palatine bone
Greater palatine foramen
Foramen lacerum
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
External acoustic meatus
Occipital condyle
Mastoid foramen
Temporal bone
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Stylomastoid foramen
Foramen magnum
Lambdoid suture
Condylar canal
Occipital bone
33
Cranium
• Temporal Bones (2)
• ________________
• ______________
• __________________
• Squamous suture
• External acoustic meatus
• Mandibular fossa
• Mastoid process
• Styloid process
• Zygomatic process
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Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Zygomatic bone
Temporal process
of zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
34
Cranium
• Sphenoid Bone (1)
• Base of cranium
• ______________
• _____________
• Sella turcica
• Sphenoid sinuses
•
Lesser wing
Optic canal
Greater
wing
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Transverse section
(a)
Sella turcica
Foramen ovale
Lesser wing
Greater wing
Superior
orbital fissure
Foramen
rotundum
Lateral pterygoid plate
(b)
Medial pterygoid plate
35
Cranium
• Ethmoid Bone (1)
• __________________
• Floor of cranium
• Wall of orbits
• Cribiform plates
• Perpendicular plate
• Superior and middle
nasal conchae
Transverse section
• Ethmoid sinuses
• Crista galli
•
Perpendicular
plate
Crista galli
Crista galli
Superior
nasal concha
Cribriform
plate
Ethmoidal
sinuses
Orbital
surface
(a)
Middle nasal
concha
Perpendicular
plate
(b)
36
Facial Skeleton
• Maxillae Bones (2)
• Upper jaw
• _________________
• Floors of orbits
• Sides of nasal cavity
• Floors of nasal cavity
• Alveolar processes
• Maxillary sinuses
• Palatine process
•
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Coronal suture
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Temporal
process
of zygoma
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
37
Facial Skeleton
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Frontal sinus
Ethmoidal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
38
Facial Skeleton
• Palatine Bones (2)
• ‘L’ shaped bones located
behind the maxillae
• Posterior section of hard
palate
• __________________
• Lateral walls of
nasal cavity
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Perpendicular
portion
Coronal section
Horizontal portion
39
Facial Skeleton
• Zygomatic Bones (2)
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• _________________
Parietal bone
• _________________
Squamous suture
• Floors of orbits
• Temporal process (extends Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
to join the zygomatic process Temporal
bone
of a temporal bone)
External acoustic meatus
•
Mastoid process
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Temporal
process
of zygoma
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
40
Facial Skeleton
• Lacrimal Bones (2)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Medial walls of orbits
• Groove from orbit to nasal Parietal bone
cavity ________________
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
Lambdoid suture
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
• Nasal Bones (2)
• Bridge of nose
• _______________
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
External acoustic meatus
Mastoid process
Temporal
process
of zygoma
Maxilla
Mandibular condyle
Styloid process
Mental foramen
Zygomatic process
of temporal bone
Mandible
Coronoid process
41
Facial Skeleton
• Vomer Bone (1)
• Inferior portion of nasal
septum
• ________________
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Coronal suture
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Frontal bone
Squamous suture
Sphenoid bone
• Inferior Nasal
Conchae (2)
• Extend from
lateral
walls of nasal
cavity
•
Ethmoid
bone
Frontal sinus
Lambdoid suture
Nasal bone
Occipital bone
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Perpendicular plate
(nasal septum)
Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular foramen
Sella turcica
Inferior nasal concha
Palatine process
of maxilla
Maxilla
Hypoglossal canal
Styloid process
Foramen magnum
Sphenoidal sinus
Mastoid process
Palatine bone
Vomer bone
Mandible
Alveolar processes
42
Facial Skeleton
• Mandible Bone (1)
•______________
• Body
• Ramus
• Mandibular condyle
• Coronoid process
• Alveolar process
• Mandibular foramen
• Mental foramen
•
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Coronoid
process
Coronoid process
Mandibular
foramen
Mandibular condyle
Body
Ramus
Alveolar
process
Mandibular
foramen
Body
Mental foramen
(a)
(b)
Alveolar
arch
43
Infantile Skull
• Fontanels – fibrous membranes (soft spots)
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Anterior fontanel
Coronal suture
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Nasal bone
Posterior fontanel
Occipital bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
Mastoid fontanel
(posterolateral
fontanel)
Sphenoid bone
Mandible
Temporal bone
(a)
Sphenoidal fontanel
(anterolateral fontanel)
Frontal suture
(metopic suture)
Frontal bone
Anterior fontanel
Sagittal suture
Posterior fontanel
(b)
44
Quiz 3
◦Understand blood cell formation
◦Understand inorganic salt storage
◦Differentiate divisions of skeleton
◦Identify sinuses (label)
◦Explain make-up of the skull
◦Know cranial bones
◦Be able to label bones of skull (including facial)
45
7.7: Vertebral Column
• The vertebral column consists of many vertebrae
separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs
• Forms the ___________________
• Supports the ____________________
• Flexible
• Protects the _____________
•Vertebral canal (spinal cord passes through)
46
Vertebral Column
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• Cervical vertebrae _______
• Thoracic vertebrae ________
• Lumbar vertebrae _______
• Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
• ______________
• Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments)
• _______________
Cervical
curvature
Cervical
vertebrae
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
47
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
Vertebral Column
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•Curvatures give resiliency –
names correspond to location
• Cervical curvature
• Thoracic curvature
• Lumbar curvature
• Sacral curvature
Cervical
curvature
Cervical
vertebrae
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
48
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
Typical Vertebrae
• Includes the following parts:
• Body
• Pedicles (form sides of foramen)
• Lamina & Spinous process
• Transverse processes
• Vertebral foramen
• Facets
• Superior and inferior articular
processes
49
Cervical Vertebrae
• Atlas – 1st; ____________
• Axis – 2nd; ______________
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Posterior
Facet that articulates
with occipital condyle
Vertebral
foramen
• Transverse foramina
• Bifid spinous processes (on
C2-C6)
• Attachment of muscles
• Vertebral prominens (on C7)–
useful landmark (felt through
skin)
Transverse
process
Anterior
Facet that articulates
with dens (odontoid process)
of axis
Atlas
(a)
Transverse
foramen
Anterior articular
facet for atlas
Spinous
process
Spinous process
Dens
Superior
articular facet
Transverse
foramen
Body
Inferior articular
process
(b)
Transverse
process
(c)
Axis
Dens (odontoid
process)
50
Thoracic Vertebrae
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Superior
articular
process
Pedicle
Transverse
process
Facet for
tubercle of rib
Superior
articular
facet
Body
Inferior vertebral notch
Body
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Inferior articular
facet
(a)
Spinous process
Inferior articular
process
Lamina
Intervertebral
disc
Transverse process
Facet for tubercle of rib
Superior articular facet
Vertebral foramen
Spinous
process
Anterior
Pedicle
Body
(b)
Posterior
51
(c)
Lumbar Vertebrae
• Large bodies
• Thick, short spinous
processes
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Spinous process
Lamina
Superior articular
process
Transverse process
Pedicle
Vertebral foramen
Body
(c) Lumbar vertebra
52
Sacrum
• 4-5 fused segments
• Median sacral crest
• Posterior sacral
foramina
• Posterior wall of pelvic
cavity
• Sacral promontory base
• Area toward coccyx is
the apex
• Sacral canal
• Sacral hiatus
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Sacrum
Anterior
sacral
foramen
(a)
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
(b)
53
Coccyx
• Tailbone
• 3-5 fused segments
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Sacrum
Anterior
sacral
foramen
(a)
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
(b)
54
7.8: Thoracic Cage
• The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic
vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach
the ribs to the sternum.
• Supports ___________________
• Protects ______________
• Role in _______________
55
Ribs
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Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
1
Clavicular notch
2
Manubrium
3
• Humans have _______of ribs:
• True ribs ______
• False ribs _____ – do not
connect to the sternum, of
which:
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
• Floating _____
56
(b)
b: © Thinkstock/Jupiterimages RF
Rib Structure
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Neck
Head
• Shaft
• Head – posterior end;
articulates with _______
• Tubercle – articulates
with _________
• Costal cartilage –
hyaline cartilage
Tubercle
Anterior end
Shaft
Costal groove
(a)
Spinous process
Facet
Tubercle
Neck
Head
Facet
Shaft
(b)
Anterior end
(sternal end)
57
Sternum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Three (3) parts of the
sternum:
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Thoracic vertebra
Sternal angle
1
Clavicular notch
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
58
(b)
b: © Thinkstock/Jupiterimages RF
7.9: Pectoral Girdle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Also known as the
shoulder girdle
• Clavicles
• Scapulae
• Supports upper limbs
• Attachment ________
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
59
Clavicles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• S-shaped
• Articulate with _______
• Articulate with ___________
•Help to hold the shoulders in
place
•Provide attachment for
___________________
•______________
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
60
Scapulae
• Spine
• Supraspinous fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion process
• Coracoid process
• Glenoid fossa or cavity
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior
border
Coracoid
process
Suprascapular
notch
Acromion
process
Acromion
process
Coracoid
process
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
(a)
Glenoid
cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral
(axillary) border
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(b)
(c)
61
Quiz 4
◦Identify vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar)
◦Identify parts of the vertebrae (body, transverse process, etc)
◦Identify sacrum, coccyx, clavicle, ribs, clavicle
◦Identify sternum & acromion process/coracoid process
62
7.10: Upper Limb
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Humerus
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Ulna
(c)
Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
(a) Hand (palm anterior)
(b) Hand (palm posterior)
(d)
© Martin Rotker
63
Humerus
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Anatomical neck
• Surgical neck
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Coronoid fossa
• Olecranon fossa
Greater tubercle
Intertubercular
groove
Lesser tubercle
Greater tubercle
Head
Anatomical
neck
Surgical
neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
64
Trochlea
(a)
(b)
Radius
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Lateral forearm bone
• Thumb side of forearm
• Head
• Radial tuberosity __________
• Styloid process ____________
•Shorter than ulna
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Radial tuberosity
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid process
(a)
Ulnar notch of radius
65
Ulna
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Medial forearm bone
• Trochlear notch ____________
• Olecranon process ____________
• Coronoid process
• Styloid process _____________
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Radial tuberosity
Trochlear
notch
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
Styloid process
(a)
Ulnar notch of radius
66
Hand
Each hand is made of wrist, palm, and fingers
•Carpal Bones ________
• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetral
• Pisiform
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Trapezoid
• Trapezium
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1
1
Metacarpals
(metacarpus)
2
5
5
3
4
4
3
2
Proximal
phalanx
Phalanges
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
• Proximal phalanx
• Middle phalanx
• Distal phalanx
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Carpals
(carpus)
• Metacarpal Bones ___
• Phalangeal Bones _____
Radius
Ulna
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
(a)
(b)
67
7.11: Pelvic Girdle
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Coxal Bones (2) – hip bones
• Supports __________
• Protects ________
• Forms _________
• Provides ___________
Sacral
canal
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacral
hiatus
Coccyx
Ischium
(b)
Pubis
Obturator
foramen
Sacroiliac
joint
Ilium
Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Pubis
Pubic
symphysis
Pubic
tubercle
Ischium
68
Pubic arch
(a)
c: © Martin Rotker
(c)
Hip Bones
• Also known as the coxal bones
• Acetabulum
• Obturator foramen
• There are three bones: Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
1. Ilium
Anterior
• Iliac crest
• Iliac spines
• Greater sciatic notch
2. Ischium
• Ischial spines
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischial tuberosity
3. Pubis
• Obturator foramen
• Pubic symphysis
• Pubic arch
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Iliac crest
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Ilium
Anterior
inferior
iliac spine
Ilium
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Obturator
foramen
Greater
sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Pubis
Ischium
Ischial spine
Lesser
sciatic notch
Pubic crest
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischial
tuberosity
(a)
(b)
69
True and False Pelvis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
True Pelvis is below ________ and
false pelvis is above ___________
• False Pelvis
• Lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
• Iliac bones laterally
• Abdominal wall
anteriorly
• True Pelvis
• Sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
• Lower ilium, ischium, and
pubic bones laterally and
anteriorly
Flared ilium
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim
Pubic symphysis
(a)
Pubic arch
Sacral promontory
70
(b)
Pubic arch
Differences Between
Male Female Pelvis
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Female pelvis
• Iliac bones more flared
• _____________
• __________________
• More distance between ischial
spines and ischial tuberosities
• Sacral curvature shorter and
flatter
• _____________
•Show less evidence of muscle
attachment
•________________
Flared ilium
Sacral promontory
Pelvic brim
Pubic symphysis
(a)
Pubic arch
Sacral promontory
71
(b)
Pubic arch
7.12: Lower Limb
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(c)Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(d)Posterior view
72
Phalanges
(b)
Femur
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• ____________________
• Head
• Fovea capitis
• Neck
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
• Condyles
• Epicondyles
Fovea capitis
Neck
Head
Greater
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Linea
aspera
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
condyle
Lateral
condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
(a)
Patellar
surface
(b)
73
Patella
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• _________
• Anterior surface of the knee
Femur
joint
• Flat sesamoid bone located
in the quadriceps tendon
•Controls angle and functions
Patella
as a lever for lower limb
movements
Fibula
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
(c)Lateral view
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
(d)Posterior view
74
Phalanges
(b)
Tibia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• _________
• Medial to fibula
• Condyles
• Tibial tuberosity
• Anterior crest
• Medial malleolus
•
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
75
Fibula
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
• Lateral to tibia
• Long, slender
• Head
• Makes the lateral malleolus
• Non-weight bearing
•
Intercondylar
eminence
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Medial
malleolus
Lateral
malleolus
76
Foot
• Tarsal Bones __________
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Lateral cuneiform
• Intermediate cuneiform
• Medial cuneiform
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fibula
Tibia
Talus
Medial
cuneiformNavicular
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
• Metatarsal Bones _________
• Phalanges ____________
Calcaneus
Phalanges
Calcaneal
tuberosity
(b)
Tarsals
(tarsus)
• Proximal
• Middle
• Distal
77
Foot
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Calcaneus
Talus
Tarsals
(tarsus)
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
5
4
3
2
1
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
Phalanges
78
(a)
7.13: Joints
• Functional junctions between bones
• __________
• ___________
• ___________
• Bind parts of the skeleton
• Make bone growth possible, permit parts of skeleton to
change shape during childbirth, enable body to move in
response to skeletal muscle contraction
79
Fibrous Joints
◦ Lie between bones that closely contact one another
◦ Thin layer of dense connective tissue joins the bones at such
joints (ie. Suture joint of skull)
◦ _________________________________________
80
Cartilaginous Joints
◦ Separate the vertebrae
◦ Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connects the bones of this
type of joint
◦ Joint cavity filled with gelatinous core to help shock
absorption and equalize pressure
◦ _____________________________
81
Synovial Joints
◦ Majority of the joints in skeletal system
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Ball-and-socket
Condylar
Plane/gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
◦ ________________________
◦ Articular ends covered with hyaline cartilage
◦ Joint capsule composed of outer fibrous layer and inner
synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joints)
◦ Bursae
◦ Meniscus
82
83
84
Quiz 5
◦Identify upper limbs
◦Identify lower limbs
◦Know difference between false/true pelvis
◦Know difference between male/female pelvis
◦Differentiate between joints/including identification
85