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STANDING ROCK NATIVEAMERICANS& THEUSGOVERNMENT DR. RU THYO W Adaptedfrom: https://prezi.com/juzombu_og0f/standing-rock/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy REFLECTION Whatisthemeaningofyourtermin thecontextoftheStandingRock protests?Whatdifferentdimensionsor meaningsdoesyourtermhaveinthis contextversusthatoftheCivilRights MovementorStudentsfora DemocraticSociety? 1. Resistance 2. Youth 3. Power 4. Generation 5. Law 6. Leadership 7. Nation 8. Culture 9. Nonviolence A(TOO) BRIEFHISTORY ThehistoryoftherelationshipbetweentheUSgovernmentandthe indigenousinthiscountry/onthiscontinentisacomplexone,butfortoday weareworkingwith: • theDoctrineofDiscovery [https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalri es/resources/doctrine-discovery-1493] • "The[1493Papal]BullstatedthatanylandnotinhabitedbyChristianswasavailable tobe “discovered,” claimed, andexploited byChristianrulers anddeclared that“theCatholic faithandtheChristianreligion beexalted andbeeverywhere increased andspread,that thehealthofsoulsbecaredforandthatbarbarousnationsbeoverthrownandbroughtto thefaithitself.”This“Doctrine ofDiscovery” became thebasisofall Europeanclaims inthe Americas aswellasthefoundationfortheUnitedStates’westernexpansion.IntheUS SupremeCourtinthe1823caseJohnsonv.McIntosh,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall’sopinion intheunanimousdecision held“thattheprinciple ofdiscoverygaveEuropeannationsan absoluterighttoNewWorld lands.”Inessence, AmericanIndianshadonlyarightof occupancy, whichcouldbeabolished. • theThreeRs:REMOVAL,RESERVATIONS,REORGANIZATION • Andfinally,TERMINATION REM OVAL "Toachievehispurpose, JacksonencouragedCongresstoadopttheRemoval Actof1830.TheActestablishedaprocesswherebythePresidentcould grantlandwestoftheMississippi RivertoIndiantribesthatagreedtogive uptheirhomelands [inexchangeformaterialandfinancialaid.]Jacksonand hisfollowerswerefreetopersuade, bribe, andthreatentribesintosigning removaltreatiesandleavingtheSoutheast. Bytheend of[Jackson's]presidency, hehadsigned intolawalmostseventy removaltreaties,theresultofwhichwastomovenearly50,000eastern IndianstoIndianTerritory—defined astheregionbelonging totheUnited StateswestoftheMississippi River[exceptforMissouri, Arkansasand Iowa]—andopenmillions ofacresofrichlandeastoftheMississippi to whitesettlers.DespitethevastnessoftheIndianTerritory, thegovernment intended thattheIndians’destination wouldbeamore confined area—what laterbecameeasternOklahoma." SOURCE:TheOfficeoftheHistorian,https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties CherokeeChiefJohnRoss– architect ofthetribalresistancetoremoval RESERVATIONS "Underthereservationsystem,AmericanIndianskepttheircitizenshipin theirsovereign tribes,but...reservationsweredevisedtoencouragethe Indianstolivewithinclearlydefined zones....Thereservationpolicyalso reflectedtheviewsofsomeoftheeducatorsandprotestantmissionaries thatforcing theIndianstoliveinaconfined spacewithlittleopportunity for nomadichunting wouldmakeiteasierto"civilize"them. Reservationsweredotted across"IndianTerritory" but itwas"not safefrom whitesettlers.In1854,theFederalGovernment abolished thenorthern half ofIndianTerritory andestablished theKansasandNebraskaTerritories, whichwereimmediatelyopened uptowhitesettlement.Manyofthetribes occupying thelandendeduponvastlyreducedreservations."SOURCE:The ReservationSystem,http://www.nebraskastudies.org/. Itshould alsobeemphasizedthattherewereALREADYtribesoccupying the "unsettled" West-- NorthernPlainsIndians, liketheSioux, hadlivedthere long beforefirstcontactwithEuropean tradersinthe1700s. THEDAWES ACT1887 TheDawesAct,ortheGeneralAllotmentActof1887,"authorized the president ...tosurveyIndiantriballandanddivide theareaintoallotments forindividual Indiansandfamilies. TheAllotment Act(alsoknown astheDawesAct)wasappliedto reservationswhenever, inthepresident’sopinion, itwasadvantageousfor particularIndiannations.Members oftheselectedtribeorreservation were eithergivenpermission toselectpiecesof land—usually around40to160 acresinsize– forthemselvesandtheirchildren, orthetractswereassigned bytheagencysuperintendent. Iftheamountofreservationlandexceededtheamountneeded for allotment, thefederalgovernment couldnegotiatetopurchasetheland fromthetribesandsellittonon-Indian settlers. Asaresult, 60million acreswereeithercededoutright orsoldtothe government fornon-Indian homesteadersandcorporations as“surplus lands.” SOURCE: IndianLandTenureFoundation,https://www.iltf.org/resources/land-tenure-history/allotment REORGANIZATION REORGANIZATIONorthe"IndianNewDeal"of1934: • By1934,becauseoftheDawesAct,2/3of Indianlandhadbeen convertedtoprivateownership (and usuallytowhiteownership). • TheIRAwasintendedtorestoreameasureof"selfrule"tothetribes whovotedtoparticipate;allotment wouldceaseandthefederal government wasgrantedsomeauthoritytotakealienatedtriballand "intotrust" • The"father"of theIRA,JohnCollier, felthimself tobehonoring Indian culturesandcustomsandprotecting tribaltraditions,resources, andland • TheIRAled,manysay,totheterminationperiod, whichwasprofoundly destructivetotribescrossthecountry SOURCE:http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/standingrock/historical_reorganization.html JohnCollierwithSouth Dakota Blackfootmembersin1934 TERM INATIONAND THEBIRTHOF AIM AND IAT AreactiontotheIndianNewDeal,termination definedthelastmajoroverhaulinfederal policy visavisNativeAmericans.Terminationwas pursuedbythefederalgovernmenttoabolishthe tribalstatusofasmanyNativegroupsaspossible. Italsoendedsupervisionbyorsupportfromthe federalgovernment.Itintendedtocompletethe “assimilationofIndians"– throughtermination, morethan100tribes’statuswaslegallyabolished, withthereturnofmorethan2,000,000acresof formerlyprotectedtriballandtoalienable,nonprotectedstatus. "Under thispolicy,Indians'statusas governmentwardswouldbeendedas soonaspossibleandNativeAmericans wouldassumealltheresponsibilitiesof fullcitizenship."HouseConcurrent Resolution108,1953. SOURCE: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=726 AM ERICANINDIAN M OVEM ENTANDIAT • Foundedin1968byDennisBanksandRussell Meanswiththeexplicitaimsof: • "economicindependence, preservation of traditionalculture,civilrights,autonomyfor triballands,andtherestorationoflandsseized bythegovernmenttoAmericanIndians” • Majoractions • THE1969OCCUPATIONOFALCATRAZ • THESECONDBATTLEATWOUNDEDKNEE The1969Alcatrazoccupationwas19 monthslong—itendedthe“termination policy”andre-oriented federalpolicy towardtribalself-rule withgovernment assistance;theshiftalsobroughtmore moneytoBIAprogramsandmoremoney towardscholarshipsandhealthcare.It wasinitiatedbyastudentgroupledby RichardOakes—theycalledthemselves “IndiansofAllTribes.” SOURCE: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=726 THESECONDBATTLEATWOUNDED KNEE "OnFebruary27,1973,ateamof200OglalaLakota (Sioux)activistsandmembersoftheAmerican IndianMovement(AIM)seizedcontrolofatinytown withaloadedhistory-- WoundedKnee,South Dakota.Theyarrivedintownatnight,inacaravanof carsandtrucks,tookthetown'sresidentshostage, anddemandedthattheU.S.governmentmakegood ontreatiesfromthe19thandearly20thcenturies. Withinhours,policehadsurroundedWoundedKnee, formingacordontopreventprotestersfromexiting andsympathizersfromentering.Thismarkedthe beginningofa71-daysiegeandarmedconflict." “Thefirstwas,infact,notabattlebutamassacrein1890; 250LakotaSiouxwerekilled bysoldiers intheUSCavalry-women,children, andmenweregunneddownat WoundedKnee."WoundedKneebecame, andremains, thesymboloftheinhumanityofU.S.governmentpolicy towardNativeAmericans." Source: http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.056 FromRedCloudtoStandingRock: THESIOUXANDTHEUSGOVERNMENT REDCLOUD’S WAR 1866-1868:Aftertheopeningofthe DakotaTerritoryin1863,General Aflred SullyattemptstoforcetheSioux (throughpillageandviolence)totreaty withthegovernmentandrelinquish theirland.Theywon't.RedCloud embarksonatwoyearwaragainstUS militaryforces;hedrivesthemoutof theirDakotaterritoryforts. SOURCE: http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/ i_r/redcloud.html TREATYOFFORTLARAM IE,1868 "Thetreatyestablishedthe“GreatSiouxReserve” givingtheland westoftheMissouriRiver, includingthesacredlandoftheSioux, theBlackHillstotheIndians..RedCloudinsistedthatcertain governmentforts,includingFortLaramie,beremovedfrom Nativelandsbeforehewouldsign.TheSiouxcelebratedthe signingofthetreatybyburningdowneveryabandonedfortalong theTrail.SignedbyvariousNativepartiesoveraperiodofmonths afterhardnegotiations,thistreatysoughttoestablishpeaceful relationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandIndianparties,aswellas tosettlereservation boundarieswithinwhichIndianpeople agreedtosettle.” SOURCE: http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_laramietreaty THEBLACKHILLS "Thetreatylastedonlyuntilgoldwasdiscoveredinthe BlackHillsin1874.TherushofminerstotheBlackHills startedthelastofthePlainswars,includingtheBattleof theLittleBighorn.TheSiouxNationhasnever acknowledgedthelossoftheBlackHills."In1980, SupremeCourtupheldtheSiouxclaimtothelandand orderedthetribebecompensatedwith$106million. Tribaleldersrefusetoacceptthefundsandrelinquish theirclaimtosacredlands. SOURCE: http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_laramietreaty SOURCE:fodors.com PROPOSEDROUTEOFDAPL: ND, SD, IOWAANDILLINOIS SOURCE:https://daplpipelinefacts.com/dt_articles/where-does-the-dakota-access-pipeline-run/ THEDAWES ACT1887 • January 2016:TheDakotaAccessPipeline anditsownersEnergyTransferPartners receive approvalforthepipeline • April2016:TheStandingRockencampment--SacredStone-- wasfounded;beginning withjustacouplehundredactivists,itblossomedto10,000overthecourseoftheyear • December2016:TheArmyCorpsofEngineers announceditwouldnotgrantthe easement necessaryforconstructiontocontinue. • January 2017:PresidentTrumpsignedanexecutive orderconstitutinga"green light"for pipeline construction • February2017:Protestorswereforciblyejected andarrestedatSacredStone.Theyvow tokeepfighting. LaDonna Allard,Director oftheSacredStoneCamp,says,“Iwasasked,“When doyou considerthispipeline issuetobeover?”Isaid,wheneverypipe isoutofthegroundandthe earthisrepaired acrosstheUnitedStates.Iamnotnegotiating, Iamnotbackingdown.I muststandforourgrandchildren andforthewater.” SOURCE: http://sacredstonecamp.org/about/ Jasilyn Chargerinterviewedby AmyGoodman; https://www.democracynow.org/2017/1/4/from_k eystone_xl_pipeline_to_dapl Learnmoreat: www.sls.gatech.edu Courses: www.sls.gatech.edu/get-inolved/courses/ EmailList: www.sl.gatech.edu/stay-informed Blog(pleaseconsidercontributing!): www.sl.gatech.edu/reflections Contact: [email protected] [email protected]