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STANDING ROCK
NATIVEAMERICANS&
THEUSGOVERNMENT
DR. RU THYO W
Adaptedfrom:
https://prezi.com/juzombu_og0f/standing-rock/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy
REFLECTION
Whatisthemeaningofyourtermin
thecontextoftheStandingRock
protests?Whatdifferentdimensionsor
meaningsdoesyourtermhaveinthis
contextversusthatoftheCivilRights
MovementorStudentsfora
DemocraticSociety?
1. Resistance
2. Youth
3. Power
4. Generation
5. Law
6. Leadership
7. Nation
8. Culture
9. Nonviolence
A(TOO) BRIEFHISTORY
ThehistoryoftherelationshipbetweentheUSgovernmentandthe
indigenousinthiscountry/onthiscontinentisacomplexone,butfortoday
weareworkingwith:
•
theDoctrineofDiscovery [https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/imperial-rivalri es/resources/doctrine-discovery-1493]
•
"The[1493Papal]BullstatedthatanylandnotinhabitedbyChristianswasavailable tobe
“discovered,” claimed, andexploited byChristianrulers anddeclared that“theCatholic
faithandtheChristianreligion beexalted andbeeverywhere increased andspread,that
thehealthofsoulsbecaredforandthatbarbarousnationsbeoverthrownandbroughtto
thefaithitself.”This“Doctrine ofDiscovery” became thebasisofall Europeanclaims inthe
Americas aswellasthefoundationfortheUnitedStates’westernexpansion.IntheUS
SupremeCourtinthe1823caseJohnsonv.McIntosh,ChiefJusticeJohnMarshall’sopinion
intheunanimousdecision held“thattheprinciple ofdiscoverygaveEuropeannationsan
absoluterighttoNewWorld lands.”Inessence, AmericanIndianshadonlyarightof
occupancy, whichcouldbeabolished.
•
theThreeRs:REMOVAL,RESERVATIONS,REORGANIZATION
•
Andfinally,TERMINATION
REM OVAL
"Toachievehispurpose, JacksonencouragedCongresstoadopttheRemoval
Actof1830.TheActestablishedaprocesswherebythePresidentcould
grantlandwestoftheMississippi RivertoIndiantribesthatagreedtogive
uptheirhomelands [inexchangeformaterialandfinancialaid.]Jacksonand
hisfollowerswerefreetopersuade, bribe, andthreatentribesintosigning
removaltreatiesandleavingtheSoutheast.
Bytheend of[Jackson's]presidency, hehadsigned intolawalmostseventy
removaltreaties,theresultofwhichwastomovenearly50,000eastern
IndianstoIndianTerritory—defined astheregionbelonging totheUnited
StateswestoftheMississippi River[exceptforMissouri, Arkansasand
Iowa]—andopenmillions ofacresofrichlandeastoftheMississippi to
whitesettlers.DespitethevastnessoftheIndianTerritory, thegovernment
intended thattheIndians’destination wouldbeamore confined area—what
laterbecameeasternOklahoma."
SOURCE:TheOfficeoftheHistorian,https://history.state.gov/milestones/1830-1860/indian-treaties
CherokeeChiefJohnRoss– architect
ofthetribalresistancetoremoval
RESERVATIONS
"Underthereservationsystem,AmericanIndianskepttheircitizenshipin
theirsovereign tribes,but...reservationsweredevisedtoencouragethe
Indianstolivewithinclearlydefined zones....Thereservationpolicyalso
reflectedtheviewsofsomeoftheeducatorsandprotestantmissionaries
thatforcing theIndianstoliveinaconfined spacewithlittleopportunity for
nomadichunting wouldmakeiteasierto"civilize"them.
Reservationsweredotted across"IndianTerritory" but itwas"not safefrom
whitesettlers.In1854,theFederalGovernment abolished thenorthern half
ofIndianTerritory andestablished theKansasandNebraskaTerritories,
whichwereimmediatelyopened uptowhitesettlement.Manyofthetribes
occupying thelandendeduponvastlyreducedreservations."SOURCE:The
ReservationSystem,http://www.nebraskastudies.org/.
Itshould alsobeemphasizedthattherewereALREADYtribesoccupying the
"unsettled" West-- NorthernPlainsIndians, liketheSioux, hadlivedthere
long beforefirstcontactwithEuropean tradersinthe1700s.
THEDAWES ACT1887
TheDawesAct,ortheGeneralAllotmentActof1887,"authorized the
president ...tosurveyIndiantriballandanddivide theareaintoallotments
forindividual Indiansandfamilies.
TheAllotment Act(alsoknown astheDawesAct)wasappliedto
reservationswhenever, inthepresident’sopinion, itwasadvantageousfor
particularIndiannations.Members oftheselectedtribeorreservation were
eithergivenpermission toselectpiecesof land—usually around40to160
acresinsize– forthemselvesandtheirchildren, orthetractswereassigned
bytheagencysuperintendent.
Iftheamountofreservationlandexceededtheamountneeded for
allotment, thefederalgovernment couldnegotiatetopurchasetheland
fromthetribesandsellittonon-Indian settlers.
Asaresult, 60million acreswereeithercededoutright orsoldtothe
government fornon-Indian homesteadersandcorporations as“surplus
lands.”
SOURCE: IndianLandTenureFoundation,https://www.iltf.org/resources/land-tenure-history/allotment
REORGANIZATION
REORGANIZATIONorthe"IndianNewDeal"of1934:
• By1934,becauseoftheDawesAct,2/3of Indianlandhadbeen
convertedtoprivateownership (and usuallytowhiteownership).
• TheIRAwasintendedtorestoreameasureof"selfrule"tothetribes
whovotedtoparticipate;allotment wouldceaseandthefederal
government wasgrantedsomeauthoritytotakealienatedtriballand
"intotrust"
• The"father"of theIRA,JohnCollier, felthimself tobehonoring Indian
culturesandcustomsandprotecting tribaltraditions,resources, andland
• TheIRAled,manysay,totheterminationperiod, whichwasprofoundly
destructivetotribescrossthecountry
SOURCE:http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/standingrock/historical_reorganization.html
JohnCollierwithSouth Dakota
Blackfootmembersin1934
TERM INATIONAND THEBIRTHOF AIM AND IAT
AreactiontotheIndianNewDeal,termination
definedthelastmajoroverhaulinfederal policy
visavisNativeAmericans.Terminationwas
pursuedbythefederalgovernmenttoabolishthe
tribalstatusofasmanyNativegroupsaspossible.
Italsoendedsupervisionbyorsupportfromthe
federalgovernment.Itintendedtocompletethe
“assimilationofIndians"– throughtermination,
morethan100tribes’statuswaslegallyabolished,
withthereturnofmorethan2,000,000acresof
formerlyprotectedtriballandtoalienable,nonprotectedstatus.
"Under thispolicy,Indians'statusas
governmentwardswouldbeendedas
soonaspossibleandNativeAmericans
wouldassumealltheresponsibilitiesof
fullcitizenship."HouseConcurrent
Resolution108,1953.
SOURCE:
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=726
AM ERICANINDIAN M OVEM ENTANDIAT
• Foundedin1968byDennisBanksandRussell
Meanswiththeexplicitaimsof:
• "economicindependence, preservation of
traditionalculture,civilrights,autonomyfor
triballands,andtherestorationoflandsseized
bythegovernmenttoAmericanIndians”
• Majoractions
•
THE1969OCCUPATIONOFALCATRAZ
•
THESECONDBATTLEATWOUNDEDKNEE
The1969Alcatrazoccupationwas19
monthslong—itendedthe“termination
policy”andre-oriented federalpolicy
towardtribalself-rule withgovernment
assistance;theshiftalsobroughtmore
moneytoBIAprogramsandmoremoney
towardscholarshipsandhealthcare.It
wasinitiatedbyastudentgroupledby
RichardOakes—theycalledthemselves
“IndiansofAllTribes.”
SOURCE:
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=3&psid=726
THESECONDBATTLEATWOUNDED KNEE
"OnFebruary27,1973,ateamof200OglalaLakota
(Sioux)activistsandmembersoftheAmerican
IndianMovement(AIM)seizedcontrolofatinytown
withaloadedhistory-- WoundedKnee,South
Dakota.Theyarrivedintownatnight,inacaravanof
carsandtrucks,tookthetown'sresidentshostage,
anddemandedthattheU.S.governmentmakegood
ontreatiesfromthe19thandearly20thcenturies.
Withinhours,policehadsurroundedWoundedKnee,
formingacordontopreventprotestersfromexiting
andsympathizersfromentering.Thismarkedthe
beginningofa71-daysiegeandarmedconflict."
“Thefirstwas,infact,notabattlebutamassacrein1890;
250LakotaSiouxwerekilled bysoldiers intheUSCavalry-women,children, andmenweregunneddownat
WoundedKnee."WoundedKneebecame, andremains,
thesymboloftheinhumanityofU.S.governmentpolicy
towardNativeAmericans."
Source: http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.056
FromRedCloudtoStandingRock:
THESIOUXANDTHEUSGOVERNMENT
REDCLOUD’S WAR
1866-1868:Aftertheopeningofthe
DakotaTerritoryin1863,General
Aflred SullyattemptstoforcetheSioux
(throughpillageandviolence)totreaty
withthegovernmentandrelinquish
theirland.Theywon't.RedCloud
embarksonatwoyearwaragainstUS
militaryforces;hedrivesthemoutof
theirDakotaterritoryforts.
SOURCE:
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/
i_r/redcloud.html
TREATYOFFORTLARAM IE,1868
"Thetreatyestablishedthe“GreatSiouxReserve” givingtheland
westoftheMissouriRiver, includingthesacredlandoftheSioux,
theBlackHillstotheIndians..RedCloudinsistedthatcertain
governmentforts,includingFortLaramie,beremovedfrom
Nativelandsbeforehewouldsign.TheSiouxcelebratedthe
signingofthetreatybyburningdowneveryabandonedfortalong
theTrail.SignedbyvariousNativepartiesoveraperiodofmonths
afterhardnegotiations,thistreatysoughttoestablishpeaceful
relationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandIndianparties,aswellas
tosettlereservation boundarieswithinwhichIndianpeople
agreedtosettle.”
SOURCE: http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_laramietreaty
THEBLACKHILLS
"Thetreatylastedonlyuntilgoldwasdiscoveredinthe
BlackHillsin1874.TherushofminerstotheBlackHills
startedthelastofthePlainswars,includingtheBattleof
theLittleBighorn.TheSiouxNationhasnever
acknowledgedthelossoftheBlackHills."In1980,
SupremeCourtupheldtheSiouxclaimtothelandand
orderedthetribebecompensatedwith$106million.
Tribaleldersrefusetoacceptthefundsandrelinquish
theirclaimtosacredlands.
SOURCE: http://www.nativepartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=airc_hist_laramietreaty
SOURCE:fodors.com
PROPOSEDROUTEOFDAPL:
ND, SD, IOWAANDILLINOIS
SOURCE:https://daplpipelinefacts.com/dt_articles/where-does-the-dakota-access-pipeline-run/
THEDAWES ACT1887
•
January 2016:TheDakotaAccessPipeline anditsownersEnergyTransferPartners
receive approvalforthepipeline
•
April2016:TheStandingRockencampment--SacredStone-- wasfounded;beginning
withjustacouplehundredactivists,itblossomedto10,000overthecourseoftheyear
•
December2016:TheArmyCorpsofEngineers announceditwouldnotgrantthe
easement necessaryforconstructiontocontinue.
•
January 2017:PresidentTrumpsignedanexecutive orderconstitutinga"green light"for
pipeline construction
•
February2017:Protestorswereforciblyejected andarrestedatSacredStone.Theyvow
tokeepfighting.
LaDonna Allard,Director oftheSacredStoneCamp,says,“Iwasasked,“When doyou
considerthispipeline issuetobeover?”Isaid,wheneverypipe isoutofthegroundandthe
earthisrepaired acrosstheUnitedStates.Iamnotnegotiating, Iamnotbackingdown.I
muststandforourgrandchildren andforthewater.”
SOURCE: http://sacredstonecamp.org/about/
Jasilyn Chargerinterviewedby
AmyGoodman;
https://www.democracynow.org/2017/1/4/from_k
eystone_xl_pipeline_to_dapl
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