Download Study Guide exam 3

Study Guide #3 for Biol. 120 LECTURE (Palmier) Exam 3—Thurs April 2, 2009 at 5:30 pm
You will need the same scantron (882-E) as last time.
Chapters covered--23, 31, 7, 8, 46—for all try the self quizzes too (based on what was
emphasized in our notes and in lecture).
Chapters 23 and 31 (overlap quite a bit)
1) Due to the presence of plants what gas then became abundant in earth’s atmosphere?
Which photosystem releases this gas? (a later chapter)
2) Correct order of evolution of photosynthetic organisms—that evolved first, next, next,
and then last?
3) What algae is the ancestor to all plants? Do you know some reasons or evidence to
support this?
4) What do all photoautotrophs have in common? What is mean by photoautotrophs?
5) What advantages do ferns have over mosses? Advantages gymnosperms have over
ferns? Advantages angiosperms have over gymnosperm? Relate to survival on land.
6) What seedless vascular plants have we seen in lab? Why are seeds better than spores?
7) Differences between monocots and dicots? What land plant group do they belong to?
8) Did angiosperms co-exist with dinosaurs? Which types of plants outlived the dinosaurs?
Which ones almost (except 1 species) disappeared w/ the dinosaurs?
9) Know the life cycle on slide # 13 on the power point notes. What process allows us to go
from a sporophyte to spores? To gametophytes to egg and sperm? From gametes to
zygotes? From zygotes to sporophytes?
10) Relationship between gametophyte and sporophyte’s importance in relationship to size of
plants and presence of vascular tissue? How is chromosome # related to gametophytes
and sporophytes?
11) What are the adaptations to land and how do the benefit land plants?
12) Components of a seed and how improvement over spores? What plant groups have
seeds? Where are the seeds found on the plant? What are new ways sperm are carried in
seed plants?
13) Know distinguishing characteristics of a moss, fern, gymnosperm, angiosperm. If I wrote
a little “biography”, could you tell which group I was describing?
14) Mosses—understand the relationship between the gametophyte & sporophyte
15) How are life cycles of mosses and ferns different? Similar?
16) Which plants were first to use pollen grain? What does it carry inside of it? Why is the
better than the “old” way? How are pollen grains transported?
17) Differences between ovary, ovule, seed and fruit, where all 4 found together?
18) What is double fertilization and what plant group has this? Advantage?
19) Flower parts and their functions
20) Benefits and disadvantages of deforestation?
Chapter 31
1) angiosperm life cycle and how pollen grains dispersed
2) perfect versus imperfect flowers
3) monoecious vs. dioecious
4) advantages of having taller pistils than stamens
5) pollination compared to fertilization
6) What is meant by co-evolution? Who did this with angiosperms and why? What positive
reinforcements/rewards are there for this relationship? What helps the angiosperms attract
their helpers?
7) What is meant by double fertilization and where does it occur? Benefit? What plant types
have this?
8) Monocot compared to dicot—flower structure, embryo in the seed, leaf structure, when
obtain nutrients from endosperm
9) How seeds are dispersed compared to pollen?
10) What are multiple fruits? Do you know of any examples?
11) Only way asexual reproduction won’t result in a clone? Where does asexual
reproduction take place in a plant? Is asexual reproduction better or worse than sexual
reproduction for a plant?
Chapter 7
1) Relationship of wavelength size and energy in visible light. What colors?
2) What organisms do photosynthesis? Does location differ? If so, why?
3) Type of light used for photosynthesis, in what stage, and in what part of which organelle.
4) What captures light for photosynthesis? What happens to their electrons?
5) What determines what colors we see when looking at a plant?
6) Plant pigments and relationship of absorbed light and photosynthesis—Englemann’s
experiment.
7) Where are pigments located in bacteria compared to eukaryotic photosynthetic
organisms? Why?
8) Parts of chloroplast and roles in photosynthesis
9) Reactants and products of photosynthesis, the overall equation, and how the stroma and
thylakoids are involved also with respect to the light reactions and dark reactions
10) Photosystems, what each ones does and which one evolved first—products formed and
where they go. How pigments get replacement electrons after theirs are lost. Which one
generates a proton/ H+ gradient and what it is used for and how related to electron
transfer chain (which photosystem helps).
11) What law of thermodynamics explains energy production not be 100%.
12) What does a reaction center do in a photosystem?
13) Which photosystem was first to make ATP without reducing NADP to NADPH? How is
this related to cyclic versus noncyclic flow. Which photosystem now makes the ATP and
does the reduction mentioned above?
14) Where is water split and for what purpose?
15) What ion drives ATP synthesis?
16) Be able to compare the light and dark reactions per slides # 32 and 33 for example
17) Calvin cycle—what is the 5 carbon sugar called that the 6 carbon dioxides are added to?
How many glucose molecules result from one turn of the cycle? What products of the
light reactions are needed? How is this cycle changed or adapted differently for plants in
harsh environments? C3 vs. C4 and Cam. If given a brief description, could you tell
which modification is being used?
18) How is photosynthesis linked (similar/different) to cellular respiration (see slides #53-54)
19) Could you draw the organelle & show overall what is occurring in the light & dark
reactions?
Chapter 8—Cellular respiration
1) Why are the mitochondria so important? Any thing special about the ones killer bees
have?
2) What organisms do cellular respiration? What kinds are there, how is oxygen involved?
What are the products based on the organisms that do the different kinds? Which ones
evolved first and how these pathways are similar or different (see slide #6). How do they
differ in ATP production? Why?
3) What cell locations/organelles needed? What parts occur where?
4) Be sure you know it is 32 ATP total for aerobic respiration not 36, we fixed the figures in
class.
5) How are coenzymes involved in cellular Respiration? Where do they go after being
reduced? Why?
6) What is the very first reactant?
7) Net compared to gross ATP
8) Overall what happens in glycolysis, not each step. Where it happens too.
9) What product of glycolysis is converted to acetylCoenzyme A and why (what is next?)
10) Sources of reduced coenzymes and where they go to get oxidized (think of in terms of the
pathways used starting from glucose)
11) Why do we multiple our values by 2 for the Kreb’s cycle?
12) What 4 carbon molecule do we start with in the Kreb’s cycle? What is added to it?
13) What ion movement helps make ATP? What other process does this and in what
organelle?
14) During which part of aerobic respiration is oxygen actually needed and used?
15) Compare glycolysis, production of acetyl CoA, and kreb’s cycle –which one makes more
reduced compounds which in turn will make ATP.
16) Uses of alcoholic fermentation.
17) Could you draw diagrams comparing the part of aerobic respiration to where they take
place and compare to photosynthesis?
Chapter 46 (ecology)
1) Why are fire ants such a problem?
2) What is a community versus a population versus a species?
3) Factors that shape a community’s structure?
4) Niches, fundamental and realized?
5) How is predation similar to parasitism and different? Holoparasites versus hemiparasites.
How is the cowbird an example?
6) Compare mutualism to Commensalism. How are yucca plants and moths examples?
Fungi and plants?
7) Why is competition not beneficial? Which type is worse? When does it occur usually?
8) What are the forms of symbiosis?
9) Gause’s experiment and relate to competition.
10) How does resource help eliminate competition.
11) Predators vs. Prey and co-evolution. How do prey defend themselves? How do predators
evolve to avoid the preys’ defenses?
12) What other factors influence #s of prey besides predators? How is the hare an example?
13) What is ecological succession? What is primary compared to secondary? What is a
climax community?
14) What is a pioneer species? What types of plants? How is this different from a keystone
species
15) Active versus natural restoration ecology?
16) Why are exotic introductions bad or why do they get out of hand? What is an endangered
species and how can exotic organisms play a role? Rabbits, fire ants and Kudzu are
examples.
17) What part of earth has the most diversity and why? How are distances and sizes of islands
related to diversity?