Download Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity localizes to

Neuropeptide Y-like Immunoreactivity Localizes to
Preganglionic Axon Terminals in the Rhesus Monkey
Ciliary Ganglion
Patricia A. Grimes,1 Brigitte Koeberlein,1 Margarete Tigges,2 and Richard A. Stone1
characterize neuropeptide distribution in the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys
(Macaca mulatto).
PURPOSE. TO
Cryostat tissue sections of fixed rhesus monkey ciliary, pterygopalatine, superior cervical,
and trigeminal ganglia were incubated with antisera to neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase
(TH), and dopamine-/3-hydroxylase (DBH). Antibody binding was visualized by indirect immunofluorescence.
METHODS.
NPY-like immunoreactive (LI) nerve terminals surrounded 80% of ciliary ganglion cells, but
ciliary ganglion cell somata were unstained. NPY-LI cells were present in the superior cervical
ganglion, in which almost all cells were TH- and DBH-LI, and in the pterygopalatine ganglion, in
which almost all cells were VIP-LI. Because neither TH, DBH, nor VIP immunoreactivity was
detected in nerves contacting ciliary ganglion cells, the NPY-LI input to ciliary neurons does not
likely derive from the autonomic ganglia. The trigeminal ganglion, another potential source, had no
NPY-LI neurons. CGRP- and SP-LI axons from the nasociliary nerve traversed the ciliary ganglion; a
small number of varicose axons were distributed among ganglion cells and rarely surrounded cell
somata. Most ciliary ganglion cells were TH-LI, but only a few were DBH-LI.
RESULTS.
Based on these patterns of peptide immunoreactivities, the NPY-LI nerve fibers
investing ciliary ganglion cells in the rhesus monkey are most likely preganglionic axon terminals
of mesencephalic parasympathetic neurons. Although the origin and function of these NPY-LI
nerves remains to be established, the present finding adds to the remarkable diversity of neuropeptide immunoreactivity so far identified in preganglionic and postganglionic cells of the ciliary
ganglion in different species of birds and mammals, including primates. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.
1998;39:227-232)
CONCLUSIONS.
T
he ciliary ganglion provides parasympathetic innervation to the intrinsic ocular muscles responsible for pupil
movement and accommodation. Immunohistochemical
studies have localized several neuropeptides to subsets of ciliary neurons in mammals and birds that possibly reflect functional diversity in the neuronal population. In the rat, the
ciliary ganglion contains subgroups of cells immunoreactive to
neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene-related peptide
(CGRP), enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and
pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, a seemingly
large diversity of neuronal subtypes given the animal's rudimentary accommodative capacity; no peptides have been identified in preganglionic nerves supplying the rat ciliary gangli-
From the 'Department of Ophthalmology and Scheie Eye Institute,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and the 2Yerkes Regional
Primate Center, Atlanta, Georgia.
Presented in part at the 1994 annual meeting of the Association for
Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, Florida.
Supported by research grants EYO5454 and EY09737 from the
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland and by an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness. RAS is a Research to
Prevent Blindness Senior Scientific Investigator.
Submitted for publication May 7, 1997; revised September 19,
1997; accepted November 3, 1997.
Proprietary interest category: N.
Reprint requests: Richard A. Stone, D-603 Richards Building, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6075.
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2
Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
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on.1 In the cat, NPY- and galanin-like immunoreactive (LI)
cells comprise approximately 25% each of the ciliary ganglion
population, with only 5% of cells immunoreactive to both
peptides; the NPY-LI cells are preferentially contacted by somatostatin- and CGRP-LI preganglionic nerve terminals.5"7
The monkey has a much greater accommodative range
than either the rat or the cat; most ciliary ganglion cells supply
the ciliary muscle, and few target the iris muscles.8 In the
cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis), NPY, VIP, and
substance P (SP) immunoreactivities localize to nerve fibers
between and around ciliary ganglion cells; a portion of ganglion cell somata are immunoreactive for VIP but not for the
other peptides.9 In another study of the same monkey species,
faint to moderate SP immunoreactivity was detected in 60% of
cell somata.10 Some cholinergic ciliary ganglion neurons of
monkeys1112 show tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, a property also noted in rats, cats, and dogs."" 13 In the
only immunohistochemical study of the human ciliary ganglion, both SP and CGRP immunoreactivity localized in varicose axons contacting ciliary neurons, and approximately one
fourth of ciliary perikarya showed TH immunoreactivity.14
The ciliary ganglion of birds contains a distinct population
of neurons innervating the choroid in addition to those innervating iris and ciliary muscle, and it is therefore more complex
than the mammalian ganglion. In the pigeon, immunoreactivities to SP, enkephalin, and VIP colocalize in preganglionic
227
228
Grimes et al.
terminals contacting many ciliary ganglion cells of both
types. l5~17 In the chicken ciliary ganglion, however, only SP-LI
preganglionic terminals have been identified, and these selectively target a group of somatostatin-LI ganglion cells that
innervate the choroid.'8
In the present study, the ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys was examined for immunoreactivity to several neuropeptides and neurotransmitter-related enzymes. The most notable
finding is that NPY-LI preganglionic nerve processes surround
most ciliary neurons in this primate. NPY immunoreactivity has
not been identified previously in preganglionic terminals of
either the ciliary ganglion or other parasympathetic ganglia in
any species.
METHODS
Ciliary, pterygopalatine, superior cervical, and trigeminal ganglia were obtained from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
killed for other purposes at the Yerkes Primate Center (Atlanta,
GA). Nine monkeys, aged 9 to 11 months, had either unilateral
surgical aphakia (five animals) or occlusion of the eye (four
animals) from shortly after birth; one mature 18-year-old monkey was not part of any ocular study. This investigation adhered to the tenets of the ARVO Statement for the Use of
Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. While under deep
general anesthesia, all animals were perfused transcardially
with 0.9% NaCl solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in
0.1 M phosphate buffer; the eyes and brains, used by other
investigators for unrelated experiments, were unavailable for
study. The ganglia, removed approximately 16 to 20 hours
after perfusion, were immersed either in 4% paraformaldehyde
solution for 24 hours or in Zamboni's solution19 for 24 or 48
hours and then were transferred to 0.1 M phosphate buffer
containing 30% sucrose for 24 hours. Cryostat tissue sections,
16- to 20-/xm thick, were cut and thaw mounted on gelatincoated slides.
Tissue sections were incubated with one of three different
rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against porcine NPY (Incstar,
Stillwater, MN; Peninsula Laboratories, Belmont, CA; Affiniti
Research Products, Mamhead, Exeter, UK) and diluted 1:500 in
0.05 M phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.3% Triton
X-100. All three NPY antisera showed the same quality and
distribution of specific immunofluorescence. The NPY antiserum supplied by Incstar was used for the photomicrographs
provided here. Additional rabbit polyclonal antisera against the
following antigens were also used at the indicated dilutions:
CGRP (Cambridge Research Biochemicals, Wilmington, DE),
1:500; SP (mcstar), 1:500; VIP (Incstar), 1:500; TH (Eugene
Tech International, Ramsey, NJ), 1:400; and dopamine-j8-hydroxylase (DBH; Eugene Tech), 1:200. After incubation with
primary antisera for 18 hours at room temperature, the tissue
sections were incubated for 1 hour with biotinylated goat
anti-rabbit Immunoglobulin G (Zymed Laboratories, San Francisco, CA) and then for 1 hour with streptavidin-Texas red
(Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL). The immunostaining specificity was established by omitting the primary antiserum from
die incubation procedure and, for NPY, by preadsorbing the
diluted primary antiserum with 1 ixM porcine NPY (Peninsula
Laboratories).
The proportion of ciliary ganglion cells surrounded by
NPY-LI cell processes was estimated from counts of all somata
receiving labeled and unlabeled inputs in a series of non-
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IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2
overlapping photographs of a single section from each ganglion. Approximately 250 cells were counted in each section.
Except where specifically noted, the observations described
are based on examinations of ganglia ipsilateral to the control
phakic or nonoccluded eyes.
RESULTS
The ciliary ganglia in this study showed the same anatomic
features and neural connections described previously for rhesus monkeys.20 Preganglionic parasympathetic nerves enter
the ganglion at its attachment to the oculomotor nerve at the
origin of the branch to the inferior oblique muscle. The ganglion also is joined by two or three fine branches of the
nasociliary nerve carrying both sensory and sympathetic axons
that are thought to traverse the ganglion without synapse and
to exit with postganglionic parasympathetic axons in the multiple ciliary nerves supplying the eye. Many fine nerves (rami
orbitales) originating from the pterygopalatine ganglion lie in
proximity to the ciliary ganglion21 and could join the ganglion.
In all ciliary ganglia examined, the majority of cell somata
were surrounded by a dense array of NPY-LI nerve processes
(Fig. 1). Tangential sections passing through the perisomatic
region showed that the NPY-LI processes consisted of fine
fibers often terminating in bulbous expansions. Some smooth
nerve fibers coursing among the ganglion cells also were positively stained. All ganglion cell somata were NPY negative. The
proportion of ciliary neurons surrounded by NPY-LI nerve
processes averaged 80% (range, 55%-96%) in ganglia innervating the untreated eyes of the nine young monkeys; counts from
three ganglia innervating aphakic eyes gave the same value
(average, 80%; range, 66%- 89%). In the two ganglia from one
untreated mature monkey, the proportions were 66% and 76%.
NPY immunoreactivity was not detected in cross-sections of
the inferior ramus of the oculomotor nerve or in longitudinal
sections of the parasympathetic root supplying the ganglion.
The localization of NPY immunoreactivity to nerve processes surrounding ciliary ganglion cells contrasts notably with
its localization in the other ganglia supplying the rhesus monkey eye. We found NPY immunoreactivity in the postganglionic neurons and not in preganglionic processes of both the
sympathetic superior cervical ganglion and the parasympathetic pterygopalatine ganglion. These observations are fully
consistent with other reports.9'22 In the superior cervical ganglion, approximately half of the cell somata were NPY-LI;
almost all cells were TH positive (Figs. 2A, 2B) and DBH
positive (data not shown). In the pterygopalatine ganglion,
approximately half of the cells were NPY-LI and almost all cells
were VIP-LI (Figs. 2C, 2D). Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity
was not detected in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, but CGRP-LI and SP-LI cells were present (data not
shown).
In the ciliary ganglion, the NPY-LI nerve processes surrounding ganglion cells were not immunoreactive for TH or
DBH, the adrenergic marker enzymes that colocalize with NPY
in postganglionic sympathetic neurons (Fig. 3). However, almost all the cholinergic ciliary ganglion cells (>90%) displayed
TH immunoreactivity (Fig. 3A), and rare ciliary ganglion cells
(<1%) were immunoreactive for DBH (Figs. 3B, 3Q. Small
bundles of NPY-, TH-, or DBH-LI nerve fibers, presumably
postganglionic sympathetic axons, were present in nasociliary
nerve branches entering the ganglion.
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Neuropeptide Y-Like Immunoreactivity in Monkey Ciliary Ganglion
229
FIGURE 1.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion. (A) Most ganglion cell somata are surrounded
by NPY-like Lmmunoreactive (LI) nerve processes. Where the perisomatic region is sectioned tangentiaily, a complex array
of stainedfibersand bulbous profiles is visible {arrow). Small granules in the ganglion cell nuclei are nonspecifically stained.
(B) A small proportion of ciliary neurons scattered throughout the ganglion is not invested with NPY-LI nerve processes
(arrows). Some thick immunoreactive nerve fibers (arrowheads) course within die ganglion. (C) In sections incubated
with preabsorbed antiserum, staining of nerve processes is absent, but nonspecific staining of granular structures in the cell
nuclei persists (arrows). Magnification bar, 50 /nm.
VIP immunoreactivity, which coexists with NPY immunoreactivity in pterygopalatine ganglion cells, was not detected in
any neurons of the ciliary ganglia (data not shown). VIP-LI
varicose nerve fibers, always seen around adjacent blood vessels, provided evidence of effective immunohistochernical
staining.
CGRP and SP immunoreactivity, identified in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, localized to axons of nasociliary nerve branches joining the ciliary ganglion and in bundles
of axons traversing the ganglion (Fig% 4). In addition, a small
number of isolated varicose nerve fibers immunoreactive to
either peptide were diffusely distributed throughout the ganglion; rarely, these varicose fibers partially or completely surrounded a ciliary ganglion cell (Fig. 4). No ciliary ganglion cell
somata stained positively for either CGRP or SP.
DISCUSSION
The present results demonstrate dense networks of NPY-LI
nerve fibers surrounding approximately 80% of rhesus monkey
ciliary ganglion cells. Unilateral aphakia or occlusion of the eye
in the young monkeys studied did not cause a difference in the
distribution of NPY immunoreactivity between ipsilateral and
contralateral ciliary ganglia. Demonstration of the same immunohistochemical staining pattern in the ciliary ganglia of an
untreated monkey indicates that the unilateral ocular proce-
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dures in the experimental monkeys did not induce expression
of NPY-like immunoreactivity in both ganglia.
The distribution of NPY-LI nerve fibers, clustered densely
around most ciliary ganglion cell somata, suggests they are
terminals of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons located in
the mesencephalon. NPY-LI axons were not detected in the
oculomotor nerve supplying the ganglion, but it is possible that
the amount of peptide in preterminal axons is below the level
detectable with immunohistochemical analysis. In support of a
mesencephalic origin, the NPY-positive nerves investing ciliary
ganglion cells clearly differ from NPY-positive nerves that join
or potentially join the ganglion through connections from the
superior cervical, pterygopalatine, or trigeminal ganglia. Superior cervical ganglion cells immunoreactive for NPY are also
immunoreactive for TH and DBH, enzymes present in all postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Although bundles of sympathetic axons joining the ciliary ganglion are NPY-, TH-, and
DBH-LI and many ciliary ganglion cell somata are TH-positive,
the NPY-LI nerves surrounding ciliary ganglion cells are TH and
DBH negative. Many pterygopalatine neurons also are NPY-LI,
but almost all are immunoreactive for VIP, indicating extensive, if not complete, coexistence of the two inimunoreactivities in these pterygopalatine neurons. Because we found no
VIP immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglia, a major projection
of NPY-positive nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglion to
ciliary ganglion cells seems unlikely. No NPY immunoreactivity
230
Grimes et al.
IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2
2. Immunoreactivity to neuropeptide Y (NPY) and other markers in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and
pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG). (A) In the SCG, NPY-like immunoreactive (LI) granules are present in the perikaryal
cytoplasm of approximately 50% of the sympathetic ganglion cells, and (B) almost all cells are tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
positive. (C) NPY-LI granules are present in approximately half of the parasympathetic ganglion cells of the PPG, whereas (D)
approximately 90% of the cells demonstrate varying levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. Magnification bar, 50 /xm.
FIGURE
FIGURE 3. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-jS-hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion, (A)
Nearly all ciliary ganglion cells are TH positive with staining varying from bright to dim. Rare, dim cells were considered
negative. No staining is evident in the perisomatic nerve processes, although many TH-positive smooth nerve fibers course
between the cell somata, (B, C) DBH immunoreactivity is detected only in a few scattered ganglion cells. Magnification bar,
50 fun.
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IOVS, February 1998, Vol. 39, No. 2
Neuropeptide Y-Like Immunoreactivity in Monkey Ciliary Ganglion
231
FIGURE 4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in the ciliary ganglion. (A)
CGRP-like immunoreactive (LI) nervefibersare prominent in a nasociliary nerve branch entering the ganglion (arrowheads).
A few bright varicose fibers course between ganglion cells. Some immunoreactive processes cluster around one small
ganglion cell (arrow). (B) SP-LI varicose nerve fibers cluster irregularly around two adjacent cell somata (arrows). Some
axons of moderate staining intensity are visible in a small nasociliary nerve branch entering the ganglion (arrowheads).
Magnification bar, 50 ;nm.
was identified in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion in
these rhesus monkeys, a rinding consistent with observations
of others in cynomolgus monkeys9 and in the Japanese macaque22 and excluding a sensory origin for the NPY-positive
terminals in the ciliary ganglion.
A major NPY-LI preganglionic input has not been identified in previous inimunohistochemical studies of the ciliary
ganglion of any species, including that of cynomolgus monkey9
and humans.14 In cynomolgus monkeys, however, van der
Werf9 observed NPY-LI nerve fibers surrounding some ciliary
ganglion cells and assumed that they originated from the pterygopalatine ganglion; an alternative origin from preganglionic
mesencephalic neurons seems equally possible based on the
present results in rhesus monkey. NPY-LI nerve fibers in the
human ciliary ganglion are extremely rare and are not in contact with ciliary neurons.14
Besides NPY immunoreactivity, other differences are
evident between primates in the immunohistochemistry of
the ciliary ganglion with respect to both neural somata and
nerve fiber staining. Although one study10 reported SP immunoreactivity in approximately 60% and 40% of ciliary
neurons of the cynomolgus monkey and the cat, respectively, this localization had not been detected in either
animal by other investigators.6'9 Approximately 30% of ciliary ganglion cell somata have been reported to be V1P-LI in
the cynomolgus monkey.9 In comparison, cell somata in the
ciliary ganglion of rhesus monkeys and humans14 are negative for all neuropeptides examined, including SP, VIP,
CGRP, and NPY. One consistent characteristic of primates is
the presence of many TH-positive-DBH-negative ciliary ganglion cells. In rhesus, cynomolgus,'2 and Japanese macaque1 ' monkeys, these cells comprise 70% to 90% of the
ganglion cell population; in the human ciliary ganglion, 25%
of cell somata are TH positive and DBH negative.14 The
function of TH in cholinergic ciliary neurons of primates and
of other mammals remains unknown.
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Differences also occur in the nerve fiber localization of
neuropeptides within the ciliary ganglion. Although bundles of
sensory CGRP- and SP-LI nerves from the nasociliary nerve
enter and traverse the rhesus monkey ganglion, we rarely
found CGRP- or SP-positive varicose axons surrounding ciliary
neurons, hi cynomolgus monkeys, SP- but not CGRP-LI varicose nerve fibers invest a small proportion of ciliary ganglion
cells.910 In the human ciliary ganglion, 18% of cells are contacted by SP-LI varicose axons and 12% by CGRP-LI axons,
almost all of which were also SP positive.14 Some of die
sensory axons passing through the ciliary ganglion could give
rise to the fine varicose nerves that contact the ganglion cells
in these species; alternatively, the CGRP- and SP-LI perisomatic
nerve fibers may originate from another source.
Inimunohistochemical studies of neuropeptide distribution in the primate ciliary ganglion are still limited in number,
and the discrepancies in results may be attributed in part to
technical problems. The neuropeptides identified in neuronal
elements of the ciliary ganglion in lower mammals, however,
vary so markedly from one species to another that the observed diversity among primates may be valid. Although the
distribution of specific neuropeptides in the preganglionic
input to the ciliary ganglion of birds has been well demonstrated in both the ganglion and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus,23 neuropeptides in the mesencephalic neurons projecting
to the ciliary ganglion of primates or other mammals have not
been described. Localization of candidate neuropeptides, including NPY, in these neurons may clarify the functional organization of the autonomic pathway regulating pupillary movement and accommodation.
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