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Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 contains Hidden text Egypt Study Guide Questions Define the following terms: necropoliscity of the dead demonitic writing"popular, public", Late Egyptian simplified system of writing; Distinguished from hieratic "reserve" head- "reserve Heads- (duplicate, or spare) of a prince of the family of Khufu Attention only given to carving of headunion of formal and realistic Reserve heads were placed outside of the burial chamber- purpose not understood clerestoryThe fenestrated part of a building that rises above the roofs of other parts fresco seccoplaster dries before painting leads itself to slow meticulous work hypostyle hallA hall with a roof supported by columns; applied to the colonnaded hall of the Egyptian pylon temple obeliskA tall slender four-sided pillar, gradually tapering as it rises having the top in the form of a pyramid. The shaft in the Egyptian obelisks is a single stone often having on it inscriptions or hieroglyphics and erected in honor of distinguished persons or their achievements canon of proportionpylonThe Monumental entrance of an Egyptian temple ben-ben Heliopolis was the seat of the powerful cult of Re, the sun god, whose fetish was the pyramidal stone the ben- ben. By the 4th dyn, the pharaohs considered themselves the sons of Re and his incarnation on earth. Easy step to from the belief that the spirit and power of Re resided in the pyramidal Ben-ben to belief that their divine spirits and bodies would be similarly preserved within pyramidal tombs 1 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 hieroglyphic writing Picture writing Pictures or symbols represent a word , or syllable, or sound used in by ancient Egyptians or others instead of alphabetic letters. caryatid A female figure that functions as a supporting column "Book of the Dead" Ritual of the cult of Osiris is recorded in collections of spells, prayers, formulas, and counsels that compose the so called "Book of the Dead" atlantes- (atlantid)A male figure that functions a as a supporting column Identify the following: Flinders Petrie introduced new excavating techniques, laying ground work for the development of sounder methods for validating knowledge of Egyptian civilization Jean Francois Champolliona linguist who deduced that the hieroglyphics were not simply pictographs but the signs of a once spoken language, vestiges of which survived in Coptic, the later language of Christian Egypt This discovery made Champollion an important figure in the new science of Archaeology and the special sub-branch of Egyptology Menes (Probably Narmer) The king that first united upper and lower Egypt Imhotep- Imhotep- architect = first known artist of recorded history greatest achievement was to translate the impermanent building types of both Upper and Lower Egypt into stone and combine them with two funerary traditions in a single compound, thereby consolidating and giving visual permanence to the idea of a unified Egypt IMHOTEP =, king's grandvizer, man of legendary powers Priest, scribe, physician, architect, in Greek times was assoc with Aesculapius the patron god of physicians 2 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 Khafre (Chephren)4th dynasty great pyramid of Khafre at Gizeh Great Sphinx serve as a silent guardian of his tomb The lion figure with a human head, possibly that of Khafre, again shows us the conjunction of a powerful beast w/ the attributes of absolute kingship as we have seen in the hawk and bull of the Palette of Narmer HyksosThe "Shepherd Kings" Migrant Semitic Asiatics from the Syrian and Mesopotamian uplands their invasion finalized the deterioration of the Middle Kingdom Brought to Egypt the horse Improved weaponry and techniques of war Helped Egypt to stay in the mainstream of the bronze age HatshepsutMost majestic of royal mortuary temples was the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir elBahri Became queen when there were no legitimate male heirs New Kingdom Rameses IIRock cut temple Pharaoh during New Kingdom Last great warrior- pharaoh AkhenatonNefertitiAtonAmen- Re Amarna styleTutankhamenOsirisIsis- 3 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 3. Briefly describe the role played by the Nile in the development of Egyptian civilization. Nile = world's longest river Originates deep in Africa and flows north to the Mediterranean. The annual floods deposit(ed) rich soil from the African hill thousands of miles away. The width of the narrow valley is at most 12 miles across in the widest parts, the areas that the Nile flows thorough may not get any rainfall in a decade yet crops grew luxuriantly in the fertilizing silt. Game was bountiful in ancient times The Nile was a god and was a symbol of life. In ancient times the valley was wider and it was a grassy park land with many grazing animals Amphibious animals swarmed in the marshes and were hunted through tall forests of papyrus and rushes. The fertility of Egypt was proverbial, and at the end of its dynastic history, when Egypt had become the a province of the Roman empire, it was the granary of the Mediterranean world. Egyptians built dams to control the floods, ad used them to divert water into the fields The communal effort of the construction of dams provided the basis for the growth of an Egyptian civilization 4 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 4. What was the importance of the Rosetta Stone? Discovered in 1799- by an expedition of Napoleon Boneparte Key to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. Has inscriptions in three sections: 1) Greek (easily read) 2) Demotic (late Egyptian) 3) formal hieroglyphic. It was expected that all three inscriptions were the same and since Greek was easily read that al could be deciphered Two decades later Jean Francois Champollion deduced that the hieroglyphics were not simply pictographs but the signs of a once spoken language, vestiges of which survived in Coptic, the later language of Christian Egypt This discovery made Champollion an important figure in the new science of Archaeology and the special sub-branch of Egyptology 5. How did the belief in the life of the ka and its needs influence Egyptian art. According to Herodotus, E. "religious to excess", and his concern for immortality amounted to near obsession; his overall preoccupation in this life was to ensure his safety and happiness in the next To this preoccupation we owe the major monuments of e. history. Was NO Sharp distinction between body and soul From birth one was inhabited by another self Ka - other self - after the death of the fleshy body - could inhabit corpse and live on if body intact ( explains developed art of embalming E. hoped and expected that the images and inventory of life, set up and collected within the protecting of tomb, would insure immortality. Food and drink also had to be provided Wall paintings for the use and delectation of the ka recorded with great animation and detail the recurring round of human activities- a cycle of works and days that changed with the calendar and the seasons Only one tomb remained intact Tutankhamen- 18th dyn- discovered in 1924 5 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 6. The Palette of Narmer (fig. 3-2), which was created about 3000 BC, is extremely important in Egyptian history and art for several reasons. Politically , it documents the unification of the two Egypts into one kingdom and the beginning of the dynastic age. culturally, it records two important facts -a. about religionb. about writing - Illustrates several stages in the development of Egyptian writing age. Pictographs take on phonetic values, as the names of the respective individuals, including that of the all- victorious king, have been written in true hieroglyphs, making this the earliest labeled work of historical art extant. Artistically, it embodies conventions that will dominate Egyptian official art to the end of the New Kingdom, namely a. King seen in a perspective that combines the profile views of the head, legs, b. c. 7. arms with the front views of eye and shoulders.. The horizontal bands that separate the bands also serve as ground that supports the figure., a mode of representation that would persist in hundreds of acres of Egyptian wall paintings and reliefs. Stories in registers, Palette of Narmer the surface is divided into a number of bands, and the pictorial elements are inserted into their organized setting in a neat and orderly way Describe the function and basic structure of a mastaba. Standard tomb shape during the Old kingdom Mastaba = Arabic for "bench" was a rectangular brick or stone structure with battered (sloping) sides erected over a subterranean tomb chamber that was connected with the outside by a shaft, which provided the ka with access to the tomb The form prob was developed from mounds of earth or stone that had covered earlier tombs Originally housed single burials, during latter Old Kingdom they were used for multiple family burialsand became more complex Central, underground chamber, was surrounded by storage rooms and compartments (number and size increased with time until they occupied much more than the chamber itself Built into the superstructure or sometimes attached to the outside of its eastern facade, was the funerary chapel, which contained a statue of the deceased in a small concealed chamber called the serdab) The interior walls of the chapel and the ancillary rooms were decorated with colored relief carvings and with wall paintings of scenes from daily life intended magically to provide the deceased with food and entertainment 6 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 Mastabas - rectangular brick or stone structure. w/ sloping sides erected over underground tomb connected to outside by shaft 8. Who was Re and what relationship was he supposed to have had to the Egyptian pharaohs? Heliopolis was the seat of the powerful cult of Re, the sun god, whose fetish was the pyramidal stone the ben- ben. By the 4th dyn, the pharaohs considered themselves the sons of Re and his incarnation on earth. Easy step to from the belief that the spirit and power of Re resided in the pyramidal ben-ben to belief that their divine spirits and bodies would be similarly preserved within pyramidal tombs 9. In what way do the pyramids of Gizeh differ from King Zoser's pyramid at Saqqara? Zoser's - possibly Egypt's. oldest stone building, the 1st monumental royal tomb, not a temple Dual function -- protect mummified king, symbolize his godlike power GIZEH The pyramid did not evolve out of necessity, kings could have gone on indefinitely piling mastabas one on top of another, to make their weighty tombs Heliopolis was the seat of the powerful cult of Re, the sun god, whose fetish was the pyramidal stone the ben- ben. By the 4th dyn, the pharaohs considered themselves the sons of Re and his incarnation on earth. Easy step to from the belief that the spirit and power of Re resided in the pyramidal ben-ben to belief that their divine spirits and bodies would be similarly preserved within pyramidal tombs 10. Describe the post- and- lintel construction system. built using post- and- lintel system in which horizontal beams or lintels rest on upright supports, or posts. These posts and lintels were huge, smooth, polished, rectangular, red-granite monoliths, devoid of decoration The Egyptian knew the arch and vault and had used them occasionally in predynastic tombs, but they rarely used them after 3000 BC the beginning of the Dynastic period Egyptian architects preferred the post-and-lintel system if used with massive shapes, perhaps better than any other architectural style expressed the changeless and the eternal 11. What does the hawk symbolize in the statue of Khafre (fig. 3-15)? The protecting wings of the hawk, the symbol of the sun shelters his head and indicates his status as son of Re. List four stylistic characteristics of this statue.? a.. Pose is frontal, rigid , and bisymmetrical b. compactness and solidity with few projecting parts 7 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 c. d. 12. ideal proportion designated as appropriate for the repres of imposing majesty was accepted and applied quite independently of optical fact nm The pyramid tombs so popular in the Old Kingdom were replaced by Rock cut tombs in the Middle Kingdom. The three basic units of Egyptian architecture seen in these tombs are: a. portico or vestibule b. columned hall c. sacred chamber 13. What did the Hyksos introduce to Egypt that revolutionized warfare? Brought to Egypt the horse Improved weaponry and techniques of war Helped Egypt to stay in the mainstream of the bronze age 14. List four major features of a typical pylon temple. a. simple massive pylon facade b. bilaterally symmetrical along a single axis, that runs from an approaching c. d. avenue through a colonnaded court and hypostyle hall into a dimly lighted sanctuary 15. List two types of capitals used at Karnak. a. bud shaped b. bell shaped (campaniform 16. In what century did Akhenaton proclaim the monotheistic religion of Aton and move his capital to Tell el-Amarna? 14th century BC 17. What was the major effect of the new Amarna style on figural representation? departures from traditional formality of repres of exalted persons 18. What three new features can be seen in the painted relief of King Smenkhkare and Meritaten (fig. 3-40) a. freer expression of what is observed, details of costume b. elongated and bulging head of Meritaten and prominent bellies 8 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 c. Proportions no longer depend on rank 9 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 19. Although Rameses II lived after Akhenaton, the pillar statues that were carved for the interior of his temple (fig. 3-27) ignore many of the stylistic features developed by the Amarna artists. Compare the figures from the Temple of Rameses II with the pillar statue of Akhenaton (Fig 3-38); note particularly the differences in the proportions of the figures. Akhenaton Rameses II What political factors might account for these differences? 20. The authors speculate that the freedom of the Amarna style may have been stimulated by artists from Crete 21. Which stylistic features used in the decoration of the chest reproduced in fig. 3-43 suggest that the chest could not have been created during the Old or Middle Kingdoms? fluid, curvilinear forms dynamic compositions with emphasis on movement and action no more ground lines Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the use of convention and realism in Egyptian relief carving and painting. What types of subjects generally were treated more conventionally? Why? (Note particularly G3-18, G3-19, G3-23, G3-35, G337, and G3-40) 10 Egypt Study Questions January 1, 2013 2. Compare the portrait of Sesostris III (G3-24) with those of Khafre (G3-15) and of Queen Nefertiti (G3-39). What differences do you see, and how might these differences reflect changed social conditions? 3. Compare the Egyptian Pyramid of Zoser (G3-6) with the Ziggurat at Ur (G2-13 and G2-14). In what ways are they similar? How do they differ? What was the function of each? 4. What do the Great Pyramids of Gizeh (G3-10-to G-12) and the palace of Persepolis (G2-39 and G2-41) say about the major concerns of the men and the societies that commissioned them? 5. Compare the rock cut tombs of Beni Hasan (G3-20 to G3-22) with the mountain temples of Hathepsut (G3-25) and Rameses II (G3-26 and 3-27). In what ways are they similar? How do they differ? In what ways do all these tombs relate to temples such as the Temple of Amen-Re at Karnak (G3-30 and G3-31)? 6. Compare the way the Egyptians depicted animals (G3-19, G3-23, and G335) with the way animals were depicted by the artists of ancient Mesopotamia (G2-18, G2-19, G2-21, G2-33, G2-34, and 2-35) and those of Paleolithic Europe (G1-1 to G1-8, G1-10, and G1-11). Which artists seem to portray them most naturally? What part does abstract pattern play in each? Which figures do you like best? Why? 7. After examining Egyptian works of art that were created during a span of more than two millennia would you classify the overall outlook of the Egyptians as optimistic or pessimistic? Why? 11